Adverse health effects of marijuana use.
Open accessAbstract
As marijuana use becomes legal in some states, the dominant public opinion is that marijuana is a harmless source of mood alteration. Although the harms associated with marijuana use have not been well studied, enough information is available to cause concern.
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Cannabis dependence is reported in 4-9% of users.
“Potential cannabis dependence (reported in 4–9% of users) (Anthony et al., 1994; Volkow et al., 2014)”
From Self-management strategies to consider to combat endometriosis symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020) · cites this paper as Volkow et al., 2014
The Risk of Addiction section reports that approximately 9% of people who experiment with marijuana become addicted under DSM-IV dependence criteria. It does not report a 4% estimate or a 4–9% range, so it supports only the upper end of the cited figure. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEffects of short-term THC use include memory and cognitive deficits, impaired motor coordination, and psychosis.
“Effects of short-term use include memory and cognitive deficits, impaired motor coordination, and psychosis.”
From Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules (2016) · cites this paper as Volkow et al., 2014
The Conclusions (page unavailable) say that marijuana intoxication can impair memory and motor coordination, and the section on school performance says cognitive impairment can occur during acute intoxication. The Relation to Mental Illness section links marijuana to psychoses, particularly in genetically vulnerable people, but does not identify psychosis as an effect of short-term use and cautions that causality is difficult to establish. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHigh levels of cannabis use are associated with negative consequences, such as poor educational attainment, cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depression.
“High levels of cannabis use are also associated with negative consequences, such as poor educational attainment, cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depression (Hall & Degenhardt, 2009; Volkow et al., 2014).”
From Examining the Prospective Associations Between Mindfulness Facets and Substance Use in Emerging Adulthood. (2021) · cites this paper as Volkow et al., 2014
Frequent cannabis use is associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety.
“Likewise, frequent cannabis use has been associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety (Degenhardt et al., 2003; Fergusson & Boden, 2008; Volkow et al., 2014)”
From Examining the Prospective Associations Between Mindfulness Facets and Substance Use in Emerging Adulthood. (2021) · cites this paper as Volkow et al., 2014
Long-term use of THC has been associated to an increased risk of addiction, cognitive impairment, altered brain development when initial use was done early in adolescence, and an increased risk of chronic psychosis disorder including schizophrenia.
“Long-term use of THC has been associated to an increased risk of addiction, cognitive impairment, altered brain development when initial use was done early in adolescence, and an increased risk of chronic psychosis disorder including schizophrenia.”
From Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules (2016) · cites this paper as Volkow et al., 2014
These differences may constitute the neurobiological underpinning of the cognitive and behavioral deficits that are observed in humans.
“these differences may constitute the neurobiological underpinning of the cognitive and behavioral deficits that are observed in humans.9”
From Association of Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Young Adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
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References 76 · Cited by 2,774
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [50]ElSohly MA Potency Monitoring Program quarterly report no 123 — reporting period: 09/16/2013-12/15/2013 Oxford University of Mississippi, National Center for Natural Products Research 2014
- [51]Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2011: national estimates of drug-related emergency department visits Rockville, MD Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 2011 http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k13/DAWN2k11ED/DAWN2k11ED.htm 27631059
- Authors
- Volkow, N. D., Baler, R. D., Compton, W. M., & Weiss, S. R. B.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2014-06-05
- Volume
- 370
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 2219-2227
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC4827335
- OpenAlex
- W2140616116
- Cited by
- 2,774
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 119 · 2025: 175 · 2024: 185 · 2023: 187 · 2022: 234 · 2021: 280 · 2020: 312 · 2019: 333 · 2018: 289 · 2017: 224 · 2016: 244 · 2015: 154 · 2014: 36
- FWCI
- 28.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 DA999999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- cannabis use, cannabis, adverse health effects, public opinion, legalization, mood changes
- MeSH terms
- Accidents, Traffic, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Brain, Cannabinoids, Cannabis, Marijuana Abuse, Humans, Lung Diseases, Marijuana Smoking, Dronabinol, United States
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