The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 78 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Drug effects on the thyroid.
Abstract
The list of medications, many commonly used, that adversely affect thyroid function or the interpretation of standard thyroid tests is growing. This review addresses drug-induced thyroid dysfunction, emphasizing clinically relevant interactions and laboratory assay artifacts.
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In the citing paper
“Drug-induced hypothyroidism is caused by medications such as amiodarone, lithium, and immune checkpoint inhibitors ( Figure 1 ). 28,29”
From Hypothyroidism: A Review (2025) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“while biotin may interfere with some T4 assay systems (79, 80).”
From ETA guidelines for the use of levothyroxine sodium preparations in monotherapy to optimize the treatment of hypothyroidism (2025) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“A number of drugs, such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, salsalate, salicylate, furosemide, diclofenac, ethacrynic acid, and heparin, have been observed in vitro to displace T4 from the distribution proteins, changing the amount of thyroxine bound to plasma protein”
From ETA guidelines for the use of levothyroxine sodium preparations in monotherapy to optimize the treatment of hypothyroidism (2025) · cites this paper as [79]
In the citing paper
“Some of these drugs may also directly interfere with components and principles used for the hormone assays.136”
In the citing paper
“A number of medications can affect the thyroid function tests not only by interfering with the synthesis, transport, and metabolism of TSH and thyroid hormones but also by interfering with thyroid function immunoassays (30, 37–40) ( Table 1 ).”
From Levothyroxine therapy in elderly patients with hypothyroidism (2021) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“On the other hand, retinoids, mitotane and several drugs modulating the immune system and used for antineoplastic purpose may result in hypophysitis and cause clinically significant central hypothyroidism (Burch, 2019;Feldt-Rasmussen and Klose 2020;Feldt-Rasmussen and Rasmussen, 2018), as may head trauma including those related to sport and blast injuries (Benvenga et al., 2018).”
From The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT)-axis and its role in physiology and pathophysiology of other hypothalamus-pituitary functions (2021) · cites this paper as Burch, 2019
In the citing paper
“Fortunately, most of these medications do not cause clinically evident central hypothyroidism.”
From The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT)-axis and its role in physiology and pathophysiology of other hypothalamus-pituitary functions (2021) · cites this paper as Burch, 2019
In the citing paper
“A number of other medications and drugs of abuse reportedly increase TBG levels: selective oestrogen receptor modulators, tamoxifen, heroin, methadone, 5-fluorouracil, and mitotane [ 88 ].”
From Factors influencing the levothyroxine dose in the hormone replacement therapy of primary hypothyroidism in adults (2022) · cites this paper as [88]
In the citing paper
“Firstly, therapeutic levels of phenytoin, carbamazepine, salsalate, salicylate, furosemide, fenclofenac, ethacrynic acid, and heparin induce the displacement of T4 from the binding proteins in vitro [ 87 , 88 ].”
From Factors influencing the levothyroxine dose in the hormone replacement therapy of primary hypothyroidism in adults (2022) · cites this paper as [88]
In the citing paper
“Conversely, exposure to glucocorticoids, niacin, and androgens leads to a fall in TBG levels and thus a decrease in the LT4 requirement [ 88 , 92 ].”
From Factors influencing the levothyroxine dose in the hormone replacement therapy of primary hypothyroidism in adults (2022) · cites this paper as [88]
Citations
Cites
Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Blockade
Postow, M. A., Sidlow, R., & Hellmann, M. D. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1703481 · Cited by 4,849
Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab versus Sunitinib in Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma
Motzer, R. J., Tannir, N. M., McDermott, D. F., Arén Frontera, O., Melichar, B., Choueiri, T. K., Plimack, E. R., Barthélémy, P., Porta, C., George, S., et al. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1712126 · Cited by 4,656
Ross, D. S., Burch, H. B., Cooper, D. S., Greenlee, M. C., Laurberg, P., Maia, A. L., Rivkees, S. A., Samuels, M., Sosa, J. A., Stan, M. N., et al. (2016) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0229 · Cited by 2,938
Motzer, R. J., Hutson, T. E., Tomczak, P., Michaelson, M. D., Bukowski, R. M., Oudard, S. M., Négrier, S., Szczylik, C. A., Пили, Р., Bjarnason, G. A., et al. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2008.20.1293 · Cited by 2,182
Jonklaas, J., Bianco, A. C., Bauer, A. J., Burman, K. D., Cappola, A. R., Celi, F. S., Cooper, D. S., Kim, B. W., Peeters, R. P., Rosenthal, M. S., et al. (2014) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0028 · Cited by 1,928
Pazopanib versus Sunitinib in Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma
Motzer, R. J., Hutson, T. E., Cella, D. F., Reeves, J. A., Hawkins, R. E., Guo, J., Nathan, P., Staehler, M. D., SOUZA, P. D., Merchan, J. R., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1303989 · Cited by 1,928
Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action
Brent, G. A. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci60047 · Cited by 1,244
Barroso-Sousa, R., Barry, W. T., Garrido-Castro, A. C., Hodi, F. S., Min, L., Krop, I. E., & Tolaney, S. M. (2018) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3064 · Cited by 1,115
Lithium toxicity profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis
McKnight, R. F., Adida, M., Budge, K., Stockton, S., Goodwin, G. M., & Geddes, J. R. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61516-x · Cited by 881
Bertrand, A., Kostine, M., Barnetche, T., Truchetet, M.-E., & Schaeverbeke, T. (2015) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0455-8 · Cited by 704
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Kopp P, 2013, In: Braverman LE, Cooper DS, eds. Werner & Ingbar’s the thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text. 10th ed, 48
- Duvic M, 2001, Arch Dermatol, 137, 581
- Martino E, 2001, Endocr Rev, 22, 240
- 10.1001/jama.1996.03530430039036 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chaker, L., Razvi, S., Bensenor, I. M., Azizi, F., Pearce, E. N., & Peeters, R. P. (2022) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-022-00357-7 · Cited by 330
Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Effraimidis, G., & Klose, M. (2021) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2021.111173 · Cited by 170
FLT3 stop mutation increases FLT3 ligand level and risk of autoimmune thyroid disease
Saevarsdottir, S., Olafsdottir, T. A., Ivarsdottir, E. V., Halldorsson, G. H., Gunnarsdottir, K., Sigurdsson, A., Johannesson, A., Sigurdsson, J. K., Juliusdottir, T., Lund, S. H., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2436-0 · Cited by 137
Thyroid Hormone Plays an Important Role in Cardiac Function: From Bench to Bedside
Yamakawa, H., Kato, T., Noh, J. Y., Yuasa, S., Kawamura, A., Fukuda, K., & Aizawa, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.606931 · Cited by 137
Euthyroid Sick Syndrome in Patients With COVID-19
Zou, R., Wu, C., Zhang, S., Wang, G., Zhang, Q., Yu, B., Wu, Y., Dong, H., Wu, G., Wu, S., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.566439 · Cited by 117
Metadata
- Authors
- Burch, H. B.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Burch, Henry B.
- ORCID
- Burch, Henry B.
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2019-08-22
- Volume
- 381
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 749-761
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2969848078
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 2.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Medical Laboratory Technology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- drug-induced thyroid dysfunction, thyroid function tests, drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, thyroid hormones
- MeSH terms
- Pharmaceutical Preparations, Humans, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Hormones
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