Drug effects on the thyroid.
Abstract
The list of medications, many commonly used, that adversely affect thyroid function or the interpretation of standard thyroid tests is growing. This review addresses drug-induced thyroid dysfunction, emphasizing clinically relevant interactions and laboratory assay artifacts.
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Drug-induced hypothyroidism is caused by medications such as amiodarone, lithium, and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
“Drug-induced hypothyroidism is caused by medications such as amiodarone, lithium, and immune checkpoint inhibitors ( Figure 1 ). 28,29”
From Hypothyroidism: A Review (2025) · cites this paper as [28]
Biotin may interfere with some T4 assay systems.
“while biotin may interfere with some T4 assay systems (79, 80).”
From ETA guidelines for the use of levothyroxine sodium preparations in monotherapy to optimize the treatment of hypothyroidism (2025) · cites this paper as [79]
Phenytoin, carbamazepine, salsalate, salicylate, furosemide, diclofenac, ethacrynic acid, and heparin have been observed in vitro to displace T4 from distribution proteins, changing the amount of thyroxine bound to plasma protein.
“A number of drugs, such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, salsalate, salicylate, furosemide, diclofenac, ethacrynic acid, and heparin, have been observed in vitro to displace T4 from the distribution proteins, changing the amount of thyroxine bound to plasma protein”
From ETA guidelines for the use of levothyroxine sodium preparations in monotherapy to optimize the treatment of hypothyroidism (2025) · cites this paper as [79]
Some drugs may directly interfere with components and principles used for thyroid hormone assays.
“Some of these drugs may also directly interfere with components and principles used for the hormone assays.136”
A number of medications can affect thyroid function tests by interfering with the synthesis, transport, and metabolism of TSH and thyroid hormones and by interfering with thyroid function immunoassays.
“A number of medications can affect the thyroid function tests not only by interfering with the synthesis, transport, and metabolism of TSH and thyroid hormones but also by interfering with thyroid function immunoassays (30, 37–40) ( Table 1 ).”
From Levothyroxine therapy in elderly patients with hypothyroidism (2021) · cites this paper as [37]
Retinoids, mitotane and several drugs modulating the immune system used for antineoplastic purpose may result in hypophysitis and cause clinically significant central hypothyroidism, as may head trauma including sport and blast injuries.
“On the other hand, retinoids, mitotane and several drugs modulating the immune system and used for antineoplastic purpose may result in hypophysitis and cause clinically significant central hypothyroidism (Burch, 2019;Feldt-Rasmussen and Klose 2020;Feldt-Rasmussen and Rasmussen, 2018), as may head trauma including those related to sport and blast injuries (Benvenga et al., 2018).”
From The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT)-axis and its role in physiology and pathophysiology of other hypothalamus-pituitary functions (2021) · cites this paper as Burch, 2019
Most medications including glucocorticoids, dopamine agonists and somatostatin analogues do not cause clinically evident central hypothyroidism.
“Fortunately, most of these medications do not cause clinically evident central hypothyroidism.”
From The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT)-axis and its role in physiology and pathophysiology of other hypothalamus-pituitary functions (2021) · cites this paper as Burch, 2019
A number of other medications and drugs of abuse reportedly increase TBG levels: selective oestrogen receptor modulators, tamoxifen, heroin, methadone, 5-fluorouracil, and mitotane.
“A number of other medications and drugs of abuse reportedly increase TBG levels: selective oestrogen receptor modulators, tamoxifen, heroin, methadone, 5-fluorouracil, and mitotane [ 88 ].”
From Factors influencing the levothyroxine dose in the hormone replacement therapy of primary hypothyroidism in adults (2022) · cites this paper as [88]
Therapeutic levels of phenytoin, carbamazepine, salsalate, salicylate, furosemide, fenclofenac, ethacrynic acid, and heparin induce displacement of T4 from binding proteins in vitro.
“Firstly, therapeutic levels of phenytoin, carbamazepine, salsalate, salicylate, furosemide, fenclofenac, ethacrynic acid, and heparin induce the displacement of T4 from the binding proteins in vitro [ 87 , 88 ].”
From Factors influencing the levothyroxine dose in the hormone replacement therapy of primary hypothyroidism in adults (2022) · cites this paper as [88]
Exposure to glucocorticoids, niacin, and androgens leads to a fall in TBG levels and thus a decrease in LT4 requirement.
“Conversely, exposure to glucocorticoids, niacin, and androgens leads to a fall in TBG levels and thus a decrease in the LT4 requirement [ 88 , 92 ].”
From Factors influencing the levothyroxine dose in the hormone replacement therapy of primary hypothyroidism in adults (2022) · cites this paper as [88]
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Chaker, L., Razvi, S., Bensenor, I. M., Azizi, F., Pearce, E. N., & Peeters, R. P. (2022) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-022-00357-7 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Effraimidis, G., & Klose, M. (2021) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2021.111173 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
FLT3 stop mutation increases FLT3 ligand level and risk of autoimmune thyroid disease
Saevarsdottir, S., Olafsdottir, T. A., Ivarsdottir, E. V., Halldorsson, G. H., Gunnarsdottir, K., Sigurdsson, A., Johannesson, A., Sigurdsson, J. K., Juliusdottir, T., Lund, S. H., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2436-0 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormone Plays an Important Role in Cardiac Function: From Bench to Bedside
Yamakawa, H., Kato, T., Noh, J. Y., Yuasa, S., Kawamura, A., Fukuda, K., & Aizawa, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.606931 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Euthyroid Sick Syndrome in Patients With COVID-19
Zou, R., Wu, C., Zhang, S., Wang, G., Zhang, Q., Yu, B., Wu, Y., Dong, H., Wu, G., Wu, S., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.566439 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Fleseriu, M., Christ‐Crain, M., Langlois, F., Gadelha, M. R., & Melmed, S. K. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00342-8 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Van Uytfanghe, K., Ehrenkranz, J., Halsall, D., Hoff, K., Loh, T. P., Spencer, C. A., Köhrle, J., & ATA Thyroid Function Tests Writing Group (2023) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2023.0169 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Some of these drugs may also directly interfere with components and principles used for the hormone assays.(136) Rarely, more extreme analytical errors are present(137) (Table 5).”
BackgroundThe cytokine storm and thyroid hormone changes in COVID-19
Croce, L., Gangemi, D., Ancona, G., Liboà, F., Bendotti, G., Minelli, L., & Chiovato, L. (2021) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-021-01506-7 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Hormones and Aging: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement
Cappola, A. R., Auchus, R. J., Fuleihan, G. E., Handelsman, D. J., Kalyani, R. R., McClung, M. R., Stuenkel, C. A., Thorner, M. O., & Verbalis, J. G. (2023) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad225 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Optimal thyroid hormone replacement
Jonklaas, J. (2022) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnab031 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
McDermott, M. T. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/aitc202007070 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Scappaticcio, L., Trimboli, P., Keller, F., Imperiali, M., Piccardo, A., & Giovanella, L. (2019) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.14130 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Autoimmune thyroid disorders and rheumatoid arthritis: A bidirectional interplay
Conigliaro, P., D’Antonio, A., Pinto, S., Chimenti, M. S., Triggianese, P., Rotondi, M., & Perricone, R. (2020) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102529 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Ovčariček, P. P., Görges, R., & Giovanella, L. (2023) · Seminars in Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.11.002 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Levothyroxine therapy in elderly patients with hypothyroidism
Effraimidis, G., Watt, T., & Feldt-Rasmussen, U. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.641560 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Chaker, L., & Papaleontiou, M. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.13559 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Caron, P., Grunenwald, S., Persani, L., Borson-Chazot, F., Leroy, R., & Duntas, L. (2022) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-021-09691-9 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Ruggeri, R. M., Giovanellla, L., & Campennì, A. (2022) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-022-01863-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Caye, A., Pilz, L. K., Maia, A. L., Hidalgo, M. P. L., Furukawa, T. A., & Kieling, C. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.01.011 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
McDermott, M. T. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/aitc202004070 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Centanni, M., Duntas, L., Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Koehrle, J., Peeters, R. P., Razvi, S., Trimboli, P., & Virili, C. (2025) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1530/etj-25-0123 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…phenytoin, carbamazepine, salsalate, salicylate, furosemide, diclofenac, ethacrynic acid, and heparin, have been observed in vitro to displace T4 from the distribution proteins, changing the amount of thyroxine bound to plasma protein, while biotin may interfere with some T4 assay systems (79, 80).”
Laboratory Thyroid Tests: A Historical Perspective
Spencer, C. A. (2023) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2022.0397 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Thyroid disease and covid‐19 infection: Case series
Allam, M. M., El‐Zawawy, H. T., Ahmed, S. M., & Abdelhamid, M. A. (2021) · Clinical Case Reports · doi:10.1002/ccr3.4225 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Clinical and laboratory aspects of 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine (reverse T3)
Halsall, D. J., & Oddy, S. (2021) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1177/0004563220969150 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A Scoping Review on the Prevalence of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and the Possible Associated Factors
Vargas‐Uricoechea, H., Castellanos-Pinedo, A., Urrego-Noguera, K., Fernández, M. V. P., Meza-Cabrera, I. A., & Vargas-Sierra, H. D. (2025) · Medical Sciences · doi:10.3390/medsci13020043 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Isolated anterior pituitary dysfunction in adulthood
Prencipe, N., Marinelli, L., Varaldo, E., Cuboni, D., Berton, A. M., Bioletto, F., Bona, C., Gasco, V., & Grottoli, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1100007 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Thyroid hormone alterations in critically and non-critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection
Vassiliadi, D. A., Ilias, Ι., Pratikaki, M. E., Jahaj, E., Vassiliou, A. G., Detsika, M. G., Ampelakiotou, K., Koulenti, M., Manolopoulos, K. N., Tsipilis, S., et al. (2021) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-21-0029 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Croce, L., de Martinis, L., Pinto, S., Coperchini, F., Dito, G., Bendotti, G., Pasquali, D., Cappelli, C., Latrofa, F., Magri, F., et al. (2020) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-020-01249-x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Shockley, K. R., Cora, M. C., Malarkey, D. E., Jackson‐Humbles, D. N., Vallant, M. K., Collins, B., Mutlu, E., Robinson, V. G., Waidyanatha, S., Zmarowski, A., et al. (2020) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.016 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Huang, K. J., Zhou, W., Fu, J., Zhang, Q., Teng, Y., Gu, L., Fu, Y., Hu, B., Mei, Y., Zhang, H., et al. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c01094 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Gigliotti, B. J., & Jasim, S. (2023) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-023-03548-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Zhao, Y. Y., Wen, S. W., Li, M., Sun, Z., Yuan, X., Retnakaran, R. R., Zhang, R., & Zhai, D. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.14928 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Diabetes insipidus secondary to nivolumab-induced neurohypophysitis and pituitary metastasis
Fosci, M., Pigliaru, F., Salcuni, A. S., Ghiani, M., Cherchi, M. V., Calia, M., Loviselli, A., & Velluzzi, F. (2021) · Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism Case Reports · doi:10.1530/edm-20-0123 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cardiac manifestations in hyperthyroidism
Navarro, A., Cruz-Cuevas, J. D., Ordoñez, N. A., Giral, H., Palmezano, J., Bolívar-Mejía, A., Santana, Q., Fernandez, R., Durango, L. F., Saldarriaga, C., et al. (2022) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.31083/j.rcm2304136 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Managing symptoms in hypothyroid patients on adequate levothyroxine: a narrative review
Razvi, S., Mrabeti, S., & Luster, M. (2020) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-20-0205 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Dietary soya, as well as calcium, iron or iodide supplements may reduce the absorption of LT4 into the circulation [69-71].”
BackgroundAmiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis
Schubert, L., Bricaire, L., & Groussin, L. (2020) · Annales d Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/j.ando.2020.04.009 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Chen, L., Chen, Z., Wang, X., Jiang, R., Zhao, K., & He, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.595355 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Thyroid Emergencies: A Narrative Review
Kruithoff, M., & Gigliotti, B. J. (2025) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2025.06.010 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Saevarsdóttir, S., Bjarnadóttir, K., Markusson, T., Berglund, J., Olafsdottir, T. A., Halldorsson, G. H., Rutsdottir, G., Gunnarsdóttir, K., Arnthorsson, A. O., Lund, S. H., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50007-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Gietka-Czernel, M., Hubalewska-Dydejczyk, A., Kos-Kudła, B., Lewiński, A., Ruchała, M., Syrenicz, A., & Zgliczyński, W. (2020) · Endokrynologia Polska · doi:10.5603/ep.a2020.0065 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Percik, R., Liel, Y., Urban, D., Bar, J., Ben‐Ami, E., & Tailakh, M. A. (2021) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.1080/0284186x.2021.1958006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hypothyroidism, comorbidity and health-related quality of life: a population-based study
Wouters, H. J. C. M., Wolffenbuttel, B. H. R., Kobold, A. C. M., Links, T. P., Huls, G. A., & van der Klauw, M. M. (2023) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-23-0266 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Keen, F., Chalishazar, A., Mitchem, K., Dodd, A., & Kalhan, A. (2022) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1530/etj-21-0119 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Approach to the Patient With a Suppressed TSH
Praw, S. S., & Brent, G. A. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac635 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Voll, M., Øystese, K. A., Høiskar, E., Johansen, O., Nyvold, C., Norheim, I., von Lueder, T. G., & Andersen, G. Ø. (2021) · European Heart Journal - Case Reports · doi:10.1093/ehjcr/ytab017 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Concurrent Use of Thyroid Hormone Therapy and Interfering Medications in Older US Veterans
Livecchi, R., Coe, A. B., Reyes-Gastelum, D., Banerjee, M., Haymart, M. R., & Papaleontiou, M. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac216 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Vasiljev, V., Subotić, A., Juraga, D., Bilajac, L., Jelaković, B., & Rukavina, T. (2022) · Southeastern European medical journal · doi:10.26332/seemedj.v6i1.241 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Deligiorgi, M. V., & Trafalis, D. T. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11123417 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Gorini, F., & Vassalle, C. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032389 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Phan, G. Q., Yavuz, S., Stamatouli, A. M., Madan, R., Chen, S., Grover, A. C., Nilubol, N., Bedoya, P., Trankle, C. R., Markley, R., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1522753 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Considerations in the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Dysfunction in Older Adults
Jasim, S., & Papaleontiou, M. (2025) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2025.0128 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Therapie mit Schilddrüsenhormonen im Alter
Iwen, K. A., & Brabant, G. E. (2020) · Der Internist · doi:10.1007/s00108-020-00790-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zhan, L., Yin, H., Gao, Y., Li, Y., & Ma, J. (2023) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s435138 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cao, J., Zhao, S., Zhang, Y., Cai, J., Zhang, L., & Yang, L. (2024) · Animal Bioscience · doi:10.5713/ab.23.0508 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Nephrotic Syndrome as a Cause of Transient Clinical Hypothyroidism
Silva, V. B., Pereira, M. T., Moreira, C. L., Monteiro, S. S., Inácio, I. M. R., & Cardoso, H. (2021) · Case Reports in Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2021/5523929 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A Review of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases and Their Complex Interplay with Female Fertility
Carafone, L. E., Knutson, A. J., & Gigliotti, B. J. (2024) · Seminars in Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1795160 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Drug-induced hypothyroidism in tuberculosis
Aldave, J. E. Q., Durand‐Vásquez, M. D. C., Osorio, E. R. G., Urteaga, L. A. C., Pecho‐Silva, S., Rodríguez-Hidalgo, L. A., & Concepción‐Zavaleta, M. J. (2024) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2024.2307525 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Keen, F., Williams, D. M., Essame, J., Udiawar, M., Nagarajah, K., Witczak, J., Mitchem, K. L., & Kalhan, A. (2023) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.14977 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zhao, Y. Y., Wang, N., Wen, S. W., Li, M., Yuan, Y., Retnakaran, R. R., Hao, W., Zhang, R., & Zhai, D. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.14949 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Abualia, M., Amarin, J. Z., & Zayed, A. A. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc1912672 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ngan, T. T., Tra, D. H., Mai, N. T. Q., Dung, H. V., Khai, N. V., Linh, P. V., & Phương, N. T. T. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1415206 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Engaging Pathology Residents in Clinical Chemistry: The Essential Ingredient Is a Committed Teacher
Singh, G., Bollag, R. J., & Savage, N. M. (2020) · The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1093/jalm/jfaa140 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zhai, D., Chen, J., Guo, B., Retnakaran, R. R., Gao, S., Zhang, X., Hao, W., Zhang, R., Zhao, Y. Y., & Wen, S. W. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.15163 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zhao, Y. Y., Guan, Q., Shi, J., Sun, J., Wang, Q., Yang, J., Retnakaran, R. R., Han, J., Zhang, X., Hao, W., et al. (2022) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2022.02.010 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Guglielmi, R., Mian, C., Novizio, R., Paoletta, A., Persichetti, A., Samperi, I., Scoppola, A., Bagnasco, M., Menis, E. D., Rimini, M. L. D., et al. (2025) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-025-02652-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Thyroid allostasis in drug-free affective disorder patients
Cui, T., Qi, Z., Wang, M., Zhang, X., Wen, W., Gao, S., Zhai, J., Guo, C., Zhang, N., Zhang, R., et al. (2024) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.106962 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wu, J., Jia, C., Zhang, Z., Hou, Z., & Cui, Y. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0303169 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bartalena, L., Gallo, D., & Tanda, M. L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23947-2.00071-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wu, W., McPhaul, M. J., & Wu, Z. R. (2022) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2565-1_43 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Management of thyroid diseases during pandemic: A narrative review
John, M., & Veetil, V. M. (2020) · Thyroid Research and Practice · doi:10.4103/trp.trp_35_20 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wu, W., Yao, S., Liu, D., Luo, Y., Sun, Y., Ruan, T., Liu, M., Shi, L., Liu, C., Xiao, M., et al. (2025) · BMC Immunology · doi:10.1186/s12865-025-00708-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
de Almeida, R. J., Hirata, A. H. D. L., Rocha, L. A. D. J., Motta, M. D. D. A., Varela, P., Martins, L. D. O., Pesquero, J. B., & Camacho, C. P. (2023) · Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.20945/2359-3997000000625 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
REVIEW OF SARS-CORONAVIRUS-2 REPERCUSSIONS ON THYROID GLAND IN THE CONTEXT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
Singh, S. V., Monika, Mazumder, R., & Mazumder, A. (2023) · International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics · doi:10.22159/ijap.2023v15i5.47937 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Choi, J. H., Hong, Y. O., Kim, H., & Jung, A. R. (2021) · Thyroid Research · doi:10.1186/s13044-021-00115-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Phenytoin- Medication That Warrants Deviation From Standard Approach for Thyroid Lab Interpretation
Pattan, V., Candula, N., Adhikari, R., & Kashyap, R. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.11324 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A 6 dimensional approach to diagnosing refractory hypothyroidism
Narayanan, P., Kalra, S., & Monteiro, A. P. D. R. (2020) · Thyroid Research and Practice · doi:10.4103/trp.trp_14_20 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Polypharmacy as a reason for misinterpreting laboratory results in the elderly
İncir, S., & Bolayirli, M. (2025) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2025.05.001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Genetics of Thyroid Function: Relevance for Biology and Disease Management
Sterenborg, R. B. T. M., Peeters, R. P., Visser, W. E., Kuś, A., Smit, J. W. A., Teumer, A., & Medici, M. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf491 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Impact of Tirzepatide Therapy on Thyroid Disease: Understanding Risks and Emerging Insights
Laos, E. G. M., Serafica, B., Fontaine-Nicola, A., Zhang, L., Abdelhady, K., Berger, R., Schlottmann, F., Pirzada, A., & Masrur, M. A. (2026) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.70084 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Treatment of mild subclinical hypothyroidism and its impact on lipid metabolism
Zielinski, R., Sacco, S. J., Dillon, M., Katsetos, M., & Celi, F. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1847857 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Thyroid disease and laboratory assessment
Devaraj, S., & Garnett, E. R. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818277-2.00003-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Patient Population and Test Utilization for Thyroid Function in Local Clinics and Hospitals in Korea
Choi, R., Lee, S. G., & Lee, E. H. (2022) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics12071638 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Park, S., Kim, D. J., Hong, Y. S., Lim, S. H., & Park, J. (2022) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000029359 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yamashita, C., Hirai, Y., Nishigaito, T., Mitsumoto, K., Mizumoto, A., Kawakami, M., & Uzu, T. (2024) · Renal Replacement Therapy · doi:10.1186/s41100-024-00537-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Donner, J. R., & Topor, L. S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52215-5_25 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Romani, S., Fresse, A., Parassol, N., Gérard, A. O., Levraut, M., Yamani, S., Obberghen, E. K. V., Pariente, A., Rocher, F., Viard, D., et al. (2022) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/fcp.12755 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Deligiorgi, M. V., & Trafalis, D. T. (2022) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2022.2093714 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Al‐Salameh, A., Scherman, N., Adda, I., André, J., Zerbib, Y., Maizel, J., Lalau, J., Brochot, É., Andréjak, C., & Desailloud, R. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12122014 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yamauchi, I., Yasoda, A., Hakata, T., Yamashita, T., Hirota, K., Ueda, Y., Fujii, T., Taura, D., Sone, M., & Inagaki, N. (2024) · Thyroid Science · doi:10.1016/j.thscie.2024.100009 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Abnormal thyroid test results in euthyroid state: An appraisal of the role of drugsPreprint
Krishnamurthy, A., Bhattacharya, S., Lathia, T. B., & Deka, N. (2020) · doi:10.22541/au.159414506.65558424 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Álvarez-Gamero, J. C., García-Ruiz, V. R., & Paz‐Ibarra, J. (2022) · Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.20945/2359-3997000000453 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Refractory hypothyroidism in children: an overview
Metwalley, K. A., & Farghaly, H. S. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem-2024-0306 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mothilal, B., Patil, B. U., Ghongade, P., Pethe, M., & Yelwatkar, S. (2025) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_177_25 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wielsøe, M., Long, M., Stratidakis, A. K., Renieri, E., Sarigiannis, D., & Bonefeld-Jørgensen, E. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1760820 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Thostrup, A. H., Bentestuen, M., Rasmussen, T. L., Szejniuk, W. M., & Zacho, H. D. (2026) · Clinical Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1097/rlu.0000000000006444 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Thyroid storm triggered by immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy
Hagiwara, J., Sekine, M., Sakawaki, E., Sakawaki, S., & Takeyama, Y. (2026) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2026-272027 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, Z., Wang, T., & Liu, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1842060 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tormenta tiroidea: a propósito de un caso
Navarro, R. G., & Quirós, C. G. (2020) · Revista Ciencia y Salud Integrando conocimientos · doi:10.34192/cienciaysalud.v4i4.156 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Severe Thyrotoxicosis and Thyroid Storm
Lechner, M. G., & Angell, T. E. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-76097-3.00001-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nakkach, M., Nouir, R., Cherni, I., Somai, M., Daoued, F., Dhaou, B. B., BOUSSEMA, F., Hamzaoui, S., & Ghalila, H. (2023) · Instrumentation Science & Technology · doi:10.1080/10739149.2023.2187820 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Burch, H. B.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Burch, Henry B.
- ORCID
- Burch, Henry B.
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2019-08-22
- Volume
- 381
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 749-761
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2969848078
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 2.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- drug-induced thyroid dysfunction, thyroid function tests, drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, thyroid hormones
- MeSH terms
- Pharmaceutical Preparations, Humans, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Hormones
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