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Semiglobalization and international business strategy
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“The world is, and is likely to remain, only semiglobalized (Ghemawat, 2003).”
From A dynamic capabilities-based entrepreneurial theory of the multinational enterprise (2014) · cites this paper as Ghemawat, 2003
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Cites
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“…business scholars such as Yip (2002) and Govindarajan and Gupta (2008) argue that global business strategy is paramount, others such as Ghemawat (2001, 2003) argue the case for semi-global strategy, pointing to escalating costs of internationalising over greater geographical and…”
BackgroundThe Responsive Global Organization: New Insights from Global Strategy and International Business
Andersen, T. (2017) · doi:10.1108/9781787148314 · Cited by 2
“The vast majority of firms operates in several product markets in several countries at the same time, which means they can be referred to as multinational corporations (Ghemawat, 2002).”
BackgroundProduct Differentiation and Consumer Preferences for Sustainable Food
von Meyer-Höfer, M. (2014) · doi:10.53846/goediss-4663 · Cited by 2
“In contrast to Ghemawat (2003), who uses the term “semiglobalization” to indicate that markets are typically regional rather than global, Douglas and Craig (2011) use the term to indicate that some markets are truly global, while others are much more fragmented, requiring unique strategies.”
MethodKotosaka, M. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2026066 · Cited by 2
“While one might argue that globalization has reduced the importance of country-specific factors, these remain influential on firm behaviour in this globalized, international business environment (Ghemawat, 2003; Hawawini, Subramanian & Verdin, 2004).”
BackgroundGovernance in a Transnational Era: Stephen J. Kobrin and the Post-Westphalian Reality
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Sánchez, P. (2010) · UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya) · doi:10.5821/dissertation-2117-94096 · Cited by 2
“A pesar de que cada vez haya una mayor integración transfronteriza entre los mercados, todavía existen considerables diferencias que hacen de la especificad de los mercados locales un elemento fundamental a la hora de estudiar la estrategia internacional (Ghemawat, 2003).”
BackgroundGlobalizáció, regionalizáció és a földrajz: a távolság még mindig számít?
Láng, L. (2021) · Külgazdaság · doi:10.47630/kulg.2021.65.7-8.63
“Aztán az 1960-es évektől a gazdasági mozgások nemzetköziesedése könnyedén túllépte a korai csúcsokat, hogy aztán a berlini fal leomlása új dinamizmust indítson be (Ghemawat, 2003).”
Drivers of Competitiveness in European High-Tech Industries
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“Notwithstanding the differences in existing classification methods, most MNEs nowadays demonstrate a regional focus, corroborating the argument of ongoing “semi-globalization” (Ghemawat, 2003).”
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“Disorder in the global trading system and regional integration also make increasing trade balances vulnerable [8, 9].”
The network origins of trade comovement
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“org 3 result of deeper integration treaties (Ghemawat, 2003).”
BackgroundSemiglobalization: A Relevant Reality
Ariño, A. M. (2015) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1571-502720150000028004 · Cited by 3
From International Business to Intranational Business
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International Business and International Management in an Era of Globality
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“Generating conceptually distinctive but grounded strategy content requires focusing on what lies between and, in some essential sense, beyond local and global: what Ghemawat (2003, 2007) characterizes as semiglobalization.”
BackgroundSelf-citationInternalization strategies and value implications of latin american emerging market multinationals
Ficici, A., & Aybar, C. B. (2009) · Internext · doi:10.18568/1980-4865.4160-78 · Cited by 1
Globalisation or regionalisation of technological knowledge learning in multinational corporations
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“…this new development (Andersson Globalisation or regionalisation of technological knowledge learning 201 These developments, however, do not necessarily imply the globalisation of MNCs without incorporating the geographical distribution of MNC activities (Ghemawat, 2003; Rugman and Verbeke, 2004).”
Rakita, B., Marković, D., & Mlađan, M. (2019) · Marketing · doi:10.5937/markt1904247r · Cited by 1
“Najnoviji deglobalizacijski trendovi (kao štu su na primer nedavna promena spoljnoekonomske politike SAD, referendum o istupanju Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva iz Evropske Unije, i slično), podsećaju da je danas realnije govoriti o poluglobalizaciji (Ghemawat, 2003) nego nastanku „globalnog sela“.”
BackgroundMarketing: A Global Discipline
Schlegelmilch, B. (2016) · Management for professionals · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26279-6_1 · Cited by 1
Introduction: International Business and International Management in an Era of Globality
Lupton, N. C., & Pirson, M. (2014) · doi:10.1057/9781137471628_1 · Cited by 1
Introduction and Historical Overview: NASA’s International Relations in Space
Krige, J., Callahan, A. L., & Maharaj, A. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137340931_1
Ghemawat, P. (2012) · doi:10.1057/9781137283320_3 · Cited by 1
Self-citationCelo, S. (2011) · doi:10.25148/etd.fi11050302 · Cited by 1
“…of institutional complexity (e.g., Goerzen & Beamish, 2003) in that it accommodates both fundamental 7 types of value-adding international diversification strategies: exploiting the similarities across countries and arbitraging, or exploiting differences among countries (e.g., Ghemawat, 2003).”
BackgroundRegional multinationals: the data
Rugman, A. M. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614071.002
A Novel Framework for International Value Creation
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Introduction: International Strategy and Location Specificity
Ariño, A., Ghemawat, P., & Ricart, J. (2004) · doi:10.1057/9780230005563_1 · Cited by 1
Self-citationRoutine microprocesses and capability learning in international new ventures
Prashantham, S., & Floyd, S. W. (2012) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/jibs.2012.13 · Cited by 125
How does regional institutional complexity affect MNE internationalization?
Arrègle, J.-L., Miller, T. L., Hitt, M. A., & Beamish, P. W. (2016) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/jibs.2016.20 · Cited by 122
“Hence, arbitrage in semiglobalization benefits MNEsmost when there is low up to moderate levels of formal and cultural institutional differences across countries within a region, where institutional diversity is a potential source of value rather than merely a source of difficulty (Ghemawat, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe globalization of Swedish MNEs: Empirical evidence and theoretical explanations
Vahlne, J., & Ivarsson, I. (2013) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/jibs.2013.60 · Cited by 104
Rask, M. (2014) · Journal of International Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1007/s10843-014-0127-3 · Cited by 92
“However, adaptation to small but important differences (Ghemawat 2003b), regarding customer relationships, channels, segments, and the creation of revenue are facilitated by entry modes that mediate the international exchange of goods, services, information, and capital.”
BackgroundInfluentialHow well do supranational regional grouping schemes fit international business research models?
Flores, R. G., Aguilera, R. V., Mahdian, A., & Vaaler, P. M. (2013) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/jibs.2013.16 · Cited by 60
“More often, their locations worldwide are limited to one or two geographic clusters (Rugman & Verbeke, 2004), more in line with a regional scope of operations taking advantage of “semi-globalizing” trends (Ghemawat, 2003).”
BackgroundGries, T., Grundmann, R., Palnau, I., & Redlin, M. (2017) · International Economics and Economic Policy · doi:10.1007/s10368-016-0371-1 · Cited by 37
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“One of the key insights to emerge from this line of research is that different aspects of business activity vary dramatically in terms of the extent of international standardization, harmonization and globalization (Ghemawat 2003).”
BackgroundRegionalization of R&D activities: (Dis)economies of interdependence and inventive performance
Kim, M., Lampert, C. M., & Roy, R. (2020) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-020-00314-0 · Cited by 20
“…firms face opportunities and limitations at the regional level as global evaluation exposes an intermediate state where colligations of countries are regionally well integrated (Flores & Aguilera, 2007; Ghemawat, 2003, 2005, 2007; Kim & Aguilera, 2015; Rugman & Verbeke, 2004, 2007, inter alia).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe new global road map: Enduring strategies in turbulent times
Coeurderoy, R. (2019) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-019-00267-z
How important is regional vs. global scope? An examination of U.S. multinationals
Jeong, Y., & Siegel, J. I. (2020) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-019-00298-6 · Cited by 14
“Third, we can use the BEA data to assess Ghemawat’s (2005) statement that regional groupings of countries based on geography, like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the European Union (EU), are compelling spheres in which to focus on regional scope because they offer an incomparable combination of ma…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDistant geopolitical unrest and retail sales
Rahman, R. U., Heinberg, M., Katsikeas, C., & Banerjee, S. (2026) · Journal of Retailing · doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2026.04.003
Hastuti, A., Widodo, S., & Suhariadi, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2026.1787838
“Adaptation operates at the level of format (vertical content, hook cuts, live karaoke), narrative (stories behind songs, heritage framing), and release calendar (single-by-single) (Ghemawat, 2003, 2018).”
Guest editorial: Cultural arbitrage: the forgotten strategy in international entrepreneurship?
Pidduck, R. J., Clark, D. R., Foy, S., & Asady, A. A. (2026) · Cross Cultural & Strategic Management · doi:10.1108/ccsm-02-2026-320
Giachetti, C. (2026) · Long range planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2026.102620
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Impact of regional trade dependence on firm internationalization
Bi, C., Xie, W., & Yin, J. (2025) · Finance Research Letters · doi:10.1016/j.frl.2025.108926
Irrarazabal-Gavancho, G. M. (2025) · HOMERO · doi:10.64492/qgwvsv37
“…en la forma en que se mide el rendimiento empresarial en contextos internacionales, donde los indicadores tradicionales no siempre capturan la naturaleza multidimensional del desempeño en economías digitalizadas y altamente interdependientes (Hult et al., 2008; Kose et al., 2003; Ghemawat, 2003).”
Social vs. Environmental Activities on Digital Media and Firm Performance
Lee, I., & Youm, Y. N. (2025) · Global · doi:10.1109/temsconglobal64363.2025.11238320
“…susceptible’ within a narrow geographic boundary, MNEs’ intra-regional orientations are expected to provide significant cost advantages to the MNE performance when they operate in culturally, administratively, geographically, and/or economically (i.e., CAGE) proximate host countries [21] [22].”
Do Parts Suppliers Follow Their Customers’ FDI?
Moriuchi, Y., Ise, K., & Zhang, X.-Y. (2025) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-024-00565-1
“Culture, institutions, economic conditions, and geographical distance between home and destination countries differ greatly across FDI destination countries, posing Do Parts Suppliers Follow Their Customers’ FDI? unique challenges that must be addressed (Ghemawat, 2003).”
Redefining global entrepreneurship: shifting focus from China to Central and Eastern Europe
Vaduva, S., Brouthers, L., Benchis, M., & Nedelcut, A. (2024) · Journal of Ethics in Entrepreneurship and Technology · doi:10.1108/jeet-07-2024-0021
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Nguyen, T. L. A. (2024) · Journal of economics, finance and management studies · doi:10.47191/jefms/v7-i8-24
Hansen, J. M., & Wilson, P. (2023) · Journal of Marketing Analytics · doi:10.1057/s41270-023-00223-9
“At the same time, other researchers are concerned with the positive and negative impacts of globalization and its impact on cultural convergence (Arnold 2004; Bhagwati 2004; Ghemawat 2003; Makhija et al. 1997).”
BackgroundLocal Value Chains in European MNEs
Thomas, C. (2022) · Strategy Science · doi:10.1287/stsc.2022.0167
“Ghemawat (2003) notes that the most obvious indicator of the extent of cross-border integration of labor markets is wage convergence.”
BackgroundInfluentialStrategy Through a Ghemawat Lens: Honoring and Building on the Contributions of Pankaj Ghemawat
Cassiman, B., Khanna, T., & Levinthal, D. (2022) · Strategy Science · doi:10.1287/stsc.2022.0166
Global Strategic Analysis and Multi-level Institutional Change
Lessard, D. (2021) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1745-886220210000015003
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Akhmedova, O., Kharlamova, Y., Husarov, K., & Shvedun, V. (2020) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.4277960
Zettinig, P., Zander, U., Zander, L., & Mockaitis, A. I. (2020) · doi:10.4337/9781782545354.00034
“Rather, it creates conformity and standardization that may limit firms’ performance in a semi-globalized world (Ghemawat, 2003) and creative potential and innovativeness (see Regnér and Zander, 2011, for a discussion of the underlying processes).”
Background(2018) · Strategic Analytics · doi:10.1002/9781119519638.ch11
Technology Tools for Building Diverse, Equitable, and Inclusive Classrooms
Manzoor, A. (2018) · International Journal of Technology and Educational Marketing · doi:10.4018/ijtem.2018070105
Spatial relativism in multinationality and performance research
Kelley, K. J. (2016) · American Journal of Business · doi:10.1108/ajb-02-2016-0003
Liabilities of regionalization and the emerging market firm
Kelley, K. J. (2016) · doi:10.1108/ajb-11-2015-0031
Distance and International Business Research
Ghemawat, P., & Altman, S. A. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316678503.008
Self-citationRegional theories of the MNE: post the 2008 economic crisis
Dale, C. (2014) · International Journal of Economics and Business Research · doi:10.1504/ijebr.2014.064674
Planned Marketing Adaptation and Multinationals’ Choices between Acquisitions and Greenfields
Slangen, A., & Dikova, D. (2014) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1509/jim.13.0115 · Cited by 50
“Even in today’s semiglobalized world (Ghemawat 2003), countries still differ from each other in terms of their regulations, competitive dynamics, and their citizens’ norms, values, and interpretive schemes (Ghemawat 2001; Kostova and Zaheer 1999).”
The impact of MNE's CSR on its branch performance
Peng, Z., Yan, L., & Yu, S. (2013) · 2013 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering 20th Annual Conference Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icmse.2013.6586358
“Despite popular claims of globalization and fast development of information technology, international business researchers are well known that the international economic landscape is not flat but semiglobalized ([22]).”
BackgroundInternational diversification: entry mode, location decision and performance
Vilas-Boas, R. D. S. (2010) · doi:10.14201/gredos.76598 · Cited by 1
Cross-border Management Issues in International Law Firms
Segal-Horn, S., & Dean, A. (2006) · doi:10.1057/9780230800700_8
Arikan, I., Ciravegna, L., Villa, M. A. D., Kundu, S. K., McDermott, G. A., Mingo, S., Newburry, W., & Wang, S. (2026) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2026.102631
Marketing Strategy: A Global Discipline
Schlegelmilch, B. (2022) · Management for Professionals · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90665-8_1
Negotiations in the Global Economy
Pieper, J. (2020) · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33483-3_13
Metadata
- Authors
- Ghemawat, P.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ghemawat, Pankaj
- ORCID
- Ghemawat, Pankaj
- Venue
- Journal of International Business Studies
- Published
- 2003-03
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 138-152
- ISSN
- 0047-2506 (ISSN-L)
- 1478-6990
- OpenAlex
- W1963639197
- Cited by
- 548
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 113.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of International Business Studies (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › International Business and FDI
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Globalization, Economics, and Policies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Global trade and economics
- Keywords
- international business strategy, market integration, cross-border integration, location specificity, barriers to integration, internationalization, business strategy
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