A Note on the Transnational Solution and the Transaction Cost Theory of Multinational Strategic Management

The Competitive Advantage of Nations

Clark, T. W., & Porter, M. (1991) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.2307/1251962 · Cited by 17,454

The Economic Institutions of Capitalism

Dugger, W. M. (1987) · Journal of Economic Issues · doi:10.1080/00213624.1987.11504638 · Cited by 14,873

Bullying at school: what we know and what we can do

(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-1080 · Cited by 4,755

The Eclectic Paradigm of International Production: A Restatement and Some Possible Extensions

Dunning, J. (1988) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490372 · Cited by 4,660

The Future of the Multinational Enterprise

Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. (1976) · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-02899-3 · Cited by 4,478

Managing Across Borders: The Transnational Solution

Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. (2009) · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-28787-8_25 · Cited by 4,096

Untitled work

(1981) · Journal of Economic Literature · Cited by 1,479

A Theory of Multinational Enterprise

Grosse, R., & Hennart, J. (1983) · Southern Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/1058242 · Cited by 1,243

Inside the Multinationals: The Economics of Internal Markets

Rugman, A. M. (1981) · doi:10.1057/9780230625167 · Cited by 985

Explaining international production

(1990) · Journal of Macroeconomics · doi:10.1016/0164-0704(90)90067-k · Cited by 976

Introduction to Part II: Dynamics of Globalization: Location-Specific Advantages or Liabilities of Foreignness?

Asmussen, C. G., Pedersen, T., Devinney, T. M., & Tihanyi, L. (2011) · Advances in international management · doi:10.1108/s1571-5027(2011)0000024009 · Cited by 5

Chapter 9 Asian Business is Regional, not Global

Rugman, A. M., & Collinson, S. C. (2006) · Research in global strategic management · doi:10.1016/s1064-4857(06)12009-4 · Cited by 5

On explaining locational patterns of R&D activities by multinational enterprises

Ho, H. (.-C. (2007) · TU/e Research Portal · doi:10.6100/ir617016 · Cited by 5

Production Networks and Innovation in the Semi-periphery: The Transition to Electric Vehicles in South Korea and Spain

Calvo, A. G. (2024) · Studies in Comparative International Development · doi:10.1007/s12116-024-09436-0 · Cited by 4

Institutionalization Strategy Enhancing Firm Resources: Isomorphism from Firms and Its Strategic Implications

Jang, S. H., Lee, B. K., & Nelson, S. A. (2014) · Journal of Management and Strategy · doi:10.5430/jms.v5n3p1 · Cited by 4

Performance effects of intra- and inter-regional expansion: the moderating role of firm-specific advantages

Ral-Trebacz, A., & Eckert, S. (2016) · Problems and Perspectives in Management · doi:10.21511/ppm.14(3).2016.01 · Cited by 4

What Makes a Global Business Model?

Osiyevskyy, O., Troshkova, M., & Bao, Y. (2017) · Advances in business strategy and competitive advantage book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2673-5.ch002 · Cited by 4

Revisiting FSAs and CSAs in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Ghanaian Firms

Osabutey, E. L. C., Papanastassiou, M., Jin, Z., Navare, J., & Agyapong, A. (2023) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2023.102106 · Cited by 4

The Omnipotent MNC – A Review and Discussion

Pihl, H., & Paulsson, A. (2014) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1571-502720140000027028 · Cited by 4

Foreign Investors in The Netherlands: Heterogeneous Employment and Productivity Effects

Fortanier, F., & Moons, S. (2011) · De Economist · doi:10.1007/s10645-011-9174-5 · Cited by 4

Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: Theoretical Approaches

Amal, M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802067-8.00002-5 · Cited by 4

Foreign Direct Investment in Global Cities and Co-Ethnic Clusters: Characteristics, Performance, and Survival

Chakravarty, D. (2018) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 4

Revisiting the OLI Paradigm: The Institutions, the State, and China’s OFDIPreprint

Zhu, H., Liang, H., & Ren, B. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1883799 · Cited by 4

RIVALRY DETERRENCE IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETS: CONTINGENCIES GOVERNING THE MUTUAL FORBEARANCE HYPOTHESIS.

Subramaniam, M. (2005) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2005.18779153 · Cited by 4

Regional Multinationals and the Korean Comestics IndustryPreprint

Oh, C. H., & Rugman, A. M. (2007) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 4

Managing Human Resources in China: The View from Inside Multinationals

Zheng, Y. (2012) · Cited by 4

The future of the multinational enterprise: An appreciation and an assessment

Strange, R. N. (2026) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2026.102598 · Cited by 3

Multinationality and strategic dynamic capabilities during sustainable development goals adoption: Evidence from a natural experiment

Lee, L. W. Y., & Krasnikov, A. V. (2026) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2026.102599 · Cited by 4

Study 1: International Strategy’s Effects on Retailers’ Local Implementation and Performance

Morbe, L. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-22069-3_2 · Cited by 3

My Contributions to Internalization Theory

Rugman, A. M. (2001) · Journal of International Business and Economy · doi:10.51240/jibe.2001.1.1 · Cited by 3

The regional dimension of multinationals and the end of "varieties of capitalism"

Rugman, A. M., & Verbeke, A. C. (2009) · VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) · Cited by 3

The Influence of Knowledge Flows on Market Entry Strategies and Coordination in Service MNCs

Morschett, D., & Schramm‐Klein, H. (2010) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-6104-4_1 · Cited by 3

INTERNATIONAL ROLES OF FOREIGN-OWNED SUBSIDIARIES IN NEW ZEALAND: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

Raziq, M. M., Perry, M., & Battisti, M. (2014) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919614500327 · Cited by 3

From New Emerging to New Emerging Markets Stuck in between Opportunity and Risk: Internationalization of Turkish Firms in Romania

YILMAZ, G., Hadjikhani, A., & Bengtson, A. (2020) · Journal of East-West Business · doi:10.1080/10669868.2019.1708837 · Cited by 3

La adaptación de la empresa a las presiones competitivas en el ambito internacional: una aportación empírica

Cortés, E. C., Quer, D., & Molina-Azorín, J. F. (2000) · Cited by 3

Institutional Distance - Market Conforming Values in the Host Country and Foreign Direct Investment Choices of Multinational Enterprises

Arslan, A. (2011) · Osuva (University of Vaasa) · Cited by 3

A Transaction Cost Economics Approach

Rugman, A. M., & Verbeke, A. C. (2005) · Cited by 3

Organizational Architecture and the Realization of Competitive Advantages from Multinationality

Palmié, M. (2012) · Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen) · Cited by 3

Subsidiary Capability Development and Its Reverse Knowledge Transfer: A Microfoundation Perspective

Santos, L. L., Borini, F. M., & von Zedtwitz, M. (2025) · Knowledge and Process Management · doi:10.1002/kpm.70003 · Cited by 2

Les aspects méthodologiques des mesures de la multi-nationalité : une analyse des firmes multinationales américaines1

Rugman, A. M., & Oh, C. H. (2011) · Management international · doi:10.7202/1006915ar · Cited by 2

Metaverse alchemy: Connecting NFTs, crypto-tokens, and social media in Web3 platform multinationals’ success

Zalan, T., Polyzos, E., & Toufaily, É. (2026) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2026.102647 · Cited by 2

Organizational Ambidexterity and Not-for-profit Financial Performance

Madden, T. M. (2012) · Cited by 2

Modes de contrôle et partage des droits de la propriété intellectuelle : Le cas des alliances de R&D

Delerue, H. (2010) · Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1080/08276331.2010.10593477 · Cited by 2

POLITIKA GLOBALIZACIJSKIH ISELJENIČKIH ASIGNACIJA: ANALIZA TRANSAKCIJSKIH TROŠKOVA

Novičević, M. M., Harvey, M. G., & Dabić, M. (2001) · University of Zagreb University Computing Centre (SRCE) · Cited by 2

The Scope and Scale of MNE Strategies: In Commemoration of Alan Rugman's Contribution to International Business Research

Editors, T. M. A. F. C. D. (2016) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12188 · Cited by 2

Government's role in exporting by entrepreneurial organizations: An agency perspective

Zacharakis, A. L., & Eshghi, G. S. (1997) · The International Trade Journal · doi:10.1080/08853909708523874 · Cited by 2

The Realization of Meanings: Understanding Expatriates’ Needs in the Asian Post-crisis Environment

Li, X., Kidd, J., & Richter, F. (2002) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230595835_7 · Cited by 2

Internationalization Process Perspective

Santangelo, G. D. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198868378.013.7 · Cited by 2

Intermediate, Local and Glocal Innovation Models for MNCs Targeting Emerging Markets: The Case of a European Telco Operator in Africa and the Middle East

Mahmoud‐Jouini, S. B., Charue‐Duboc, F., & Hadengue, M. (2021) · Management international · doi:10.7202/1077431ar · Cited by 2

Organizational Design for Global Marketing Strategy

Schlegelmilch, B. B. (2022) · Management for professionals · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90665-8_12 · Cited by 2

Is retailing really unique? Insights into retail internationalization using business theoriesPreprint

Hanf, J. H., & Páll, Z. (2009) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.58025 · Cited by 2

Strategies for a european catalog

Desmet, P., & Xardel, D. (1994) · Journal of Direct Marketing · doi:10.1002/dir.4000080309 · Cited by 2

Patterns in the organization of transnational information systems

King, W. R., & Sethi, V. (1998) · International Conference on Information Systems · doi:10.5555/353053.353072 · Cited by 2

Knowledge transfer from globally dispersed subsidiaries to the parent company: a study of stickiness in a multinational organisation

Schuller, M. (2017) · Research Online (University of Wollongong) · Cited by 2

How and Why Internationalization Facilitates High Firm Growth

Becker‐Ritterspach, F. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80117-818-120221006 · Cited by 1

Mandating a common language in the multinational enterprise: The case of Cummins in India

Simoes, S., Talaulicar, A., & Verbeke, A. C. (2024) · Asian Business & Management · doi:10.1057/s41291-024-00282-5 · Cited by 1

How do you identify and leverage your advantage: Developing a resource repositioning framework

Usui, T., & Kotabe, M. “. (2025) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/j.intman.2025.101292 · Cited by 1

The Regional Distribution of Inbound FDI in the United Kingdom: Evidence from the West Midlands and Scotland

Fallon, G., Cook, M., & Billimoria, A. H. (2003) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230514638_4 · Cited by 1

How to compete? The development of business and functional-level strategies

Venzin, M. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535200.003.0009 · Cited by 1

An Integrative Framework of Family Firms and Foreign Entry Strategies

Sestu, M. C. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66737-5_4 · Cited by 1

International Corporate Development Activities and Information Disclosures in Earnings Calls

Ragozzino, R., Reuer, J., & Guoliang, F. J. (2025) · Management International Review · doi:10.1007/s11575-025-00574-8 · Cited by 1

Environmental sustainability research in international business and strategy: a bibliometric analysis and integrated framework

Sharma, R. R. (2026) · Review of International Business and Strategy · doi:10.1108/ribs-05-2025-0079 · Cited by 1

Do headquarters’ locations matter for firm performance? An exploratory global study of 127 cities

Memarian, M., Pisani, N., Berrone, P., & Ricart, J. E. (2026) · Journal of International Business Policy · doi:10.1057/s42214-025-00236-4 · Cited by 1

How Does the Indian Diaspora Help Drive Trade and Investment Ties between India and North America? An Exploratory Study

Chand, M. (2009) · Summit (Simon Fraser University) · Cited by 1

Retail multinationals and globalization

Rugman, A. M. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614071.005 · Cited by 1

In Search of Theory: Towards an Integrating Conceptual Framework for Subsidiary Research

O’Brien, D., O’Brien, D., Sharkey-Scott, P., & Gibbons, P. (2011) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) · doi:10.21427/d7x781 · Cited by 1

Headquarters-subsidiary relationship governance in Poland

Gusc, J., & Omta, S. W. F. (2011) · Journal on Chain and Network Science · doi:10.3920/jcns2011.x189 · Cited by 1

Direct and Indirect International Experience of Shareholders, Ownership Structure and Cross-border M&A

Guo, C., & Lv, P. (2015) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2015.07.069 · Cited by 1

Global erp implementations and harmonization of practices in multinational corporations: A conceptual framework

Rahimi, F., & Møller, C. (2013) · VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) · Cited by 1

Global Innovation and R&D for Knowledge Creation

Iguchi, C., Hayashi, T., & Nakayama, A. (2014) · Palgrave Macmillan eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137312211.0010 · Cited by 1

EXTENDED MODEL (3): DOUBLE-DIAMOND-BASED NINE-FACTOR MODEL

Cho, D.-S., & Moon, H.-C. (2013) · Asia-Pacific business series · doi:10.1142/9789814401661_0007 · Cited by 1

リソース・リポジショニング・フレームによる新興国市場戦略の分析視角

Tetsuya, U. S. U. I. (2015) · doi:10.15050/jaibs.7.2_25 · Cited by 1

Pluripotent Dynamic Capabilities in the Internationalization of Firms : Focus on Learning, Innovating and Networking in SMEs from Sweden

Saeedi, M. R. (2016) · Linköping studies in science and technology. Dissertations · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-133305 · Cited by 1

Antecedents and Performance Consequences of Learning Success

Kharabsheh, R. A. (2009) · Cited by 1

Internationalization of Family Firms

Kano, L. L., Verbeke, A. C., & Ciravegna, L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198868378.013.11 · Cited by 1

Offshoring, hierarchical control and transnational and dynamic environments

Lin, L., & Ho, Y.-L. (2024) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-10-2022-1430 · Cited by 1

The decay of location advantages and the substitutive role of firm-specific advantages in technology-based manufacturing

Courtens, F. M., Haezendonck, E. L., & Verbeke, A. C. (2024) · Competitiveness Review An International Business Journal incorporating Journal of Global Competitiveness · doi:10.1108/cr-10-2023-0243 · Cited by 1

Evidence-based International Business Scholarship

Verbeke, A. C. (2024) · Progress in international business research · doi:10.1108/s1745-886220240000018002 · Cited by 1

The Entry into Foreign Service Markets

Klimkeit, D., Wang, P., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Classroom companion: business · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-50345-0_7 · Cited by 1

Factor conditions and firm resources implications on location attractiveness: A critical assessment and application in shared services industry

Andy, A., Ayavoo, R., & Idris, A. (2025) · African Journal of Science Technology Innovation and Development · doi:10.1080/20421338.2024.2437229 · Cited by 2

How companies organize their European Business: The Role of Regional Headquarters

Schlegelmilch, B. B., & Ambos, B. (2012) · Gabler Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-6976-7_9 · Cited by 1

Theoretical Foundation and Literature Review

Heinecke, P. (2010) · Contributions to management science · doi:10.1007/978-3-7908-2640-1_2 · Cited by 1

A Microeconometric Analysis of the Springboard Subsidiary: The Case of Spanish Firms

Marulanda, C. C., Barber, J. P., Darder, F. L., & Mora, J. J. (2015) · Economics · doi:10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2015-23 · Cited by 1

Les Grands Auteurs en Management International

Mayrhofer, U. (2014) · EMS Editions eBooks · doi:10.3917/ems.mayrh.2014.01.0073 · Cited by 1

The characteristics of financial services

Venzin, M. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535200.003.0002 · Cited by 1

Bank Internationalisation: An Examination of the Role of Government and Home Institutions in Emerging Economies

He, W., Ring, P., & Boateng, A. (2016) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1569-376720160000017016 · Cited by 1

When Is FDI Valuable to the Multinational Enterprise? The Role of Firm Capabilities and International Experience

Trąpczyński, P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30803-6_11 · Cited by 1

Third World Multinationals – Then and Now

Kano, L. L., Verbeke, A. C., & van Tulder, R. J. M. (2016) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1745-886220160000011004 · Cited by 1

The Importance of Embeddedness for Companies’ Activities—Perspective of Relationships and Interactions

Ratajczak‐Mrozek, M. (2017) · Palgrave studies of internationalization in emerging markets · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56511-8_5 · Cited by 1

A Perspective on Regional and Global Strategies of Multinational Enterprises

Rugman, A. M., & Verbeke, A. C. (2005) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781035305254.00015 · Cited by 1

Founding Entrepreneurs' Characteristics: Impacts on New Ventures’ InternationalizationPreprint

Verbeke, A. C., Zargarzadeh, M. A., & Osiyevskyy, O. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 1

The impact of subnational heterogeneity on foreign direct investment location decisions and the performance of foreign affiliates : the case of multinational enterprises in China

McDonald, C. (2014) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University) · Cited by 1

Resource, Strategies, Location Determinants, And Host Country Location Choice By Emerging Market Firms

Jain, N. (2009) · FIU - Digital Commons (Florida International University) · doi:10.25148/etd.fi10041615 · Cited by 1

International diversification: entry mode, location decision and performance

Vilas-Boas, R. D. S. (2010) · doi:10.14201/gredos.76598 · Cited by 1

Automotive multinationals

Rugman, A. M. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614071.008 · Cited by 1

In Memoriam, Alan M. Rugman

Oh, C. H. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l Administration · doi:10.1002/cjas.1292 · Cited by 1

Can Australia Compete Internationally? The Old Question Revisited in the Light of New Evidence

Lewis, G., & Zalan, T. (2005) · Asia Pacific Business Review · doi:10.1080/13602380500068516 · Cited by 1

Modes of market entry and strategies for selected South African companies doing business in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Gxoyiya, M. D. (2011) · Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University) · Cited by 1

Enhancing subsidiary absorptive capacity

Colakoglu, S. S. (2009) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3cf9q94 · Cited by 1

Foreign Direct Investment from China and Latin America

Godinez, J., & Terpstra, T. (2015) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-8820-9.ch004 · Cited by 1

The Impact of Relative Institutional Challenge on the Process of Firms’ Internationalization

Derayati, E. (2016) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University) · Cited by 1

The determinants and impact of inward oil and gas FDI in Nigeria

Ari, M. N. (2021) · Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton) · Cited by 1

A dynamic capabilities-based entrepreneurial theory of the multinational enterprisePreprint

Teece, D. J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5065346 · Cited by 1

Regional multinationals and government policy

Rugman, A. M. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614071.011

From Practice to Theory of the International Joint Ventures

Marangozov, I. (2005) · Икономически изследвания

Company notes

Rugman, A. M. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614071.014

Two regional strategy frameworks

Rugman, A. M. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614071.003

A Geographically Isolated Economy's Experience of the International Expansion Of RetailingPreprint

Sammartino, A. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1095163

Profiles of leading multinational enterprises

Rugman, A. M. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511614071.009

Inter-firm differences in FII portfolio investment in IndiaPreprint

Pandit, B. L., & Siddharthan, N. S. (2007) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics

Transaction cost determinants and advantage transferability's effect on international ownership strategy

Lo, F. (2015) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.06.017 · Cited by 8

Towards a theory of multinational enterprise

Galbraith, C. S., & Kay, N. M. (1986) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/0167-2681(86)90019-3 · Cited by 52

A Study of the Status and Outlook of Multinational Enterprises in the Globalizing Economy with an Approach to Transaction Costs

Moeini, E., Eisapour, K., & Soheili, S. (2012)

The Nature of the Transnational Firm

(2005) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203982594 · Cited by 174

Empirical Tests of the Transaction Cost Model: The Evolu- tion of the Pre-lõ3õ British Manufacturing Multinational*

Nicholas, S. (1987)