Rhinovirus infection induces expression of type 2 nitric oxide synthase in human respiratory epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo
Open accessAbstract
Background Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections are the predominant cause of the common cold and are associated with exacerbations of asthma. Nitric oxide (NO) may play an important role in host defense by means of its potent antiviral properties.Objective We sought to determine whether epithelial expression of type 2 nitric oxide synthase (NOS 2), which produces NO, is induced on rhinovirus infection in vitro and in vivo.Methods Primary cultures of human airway epithelial cells were infected with HRV-16, and NOS 2 mRNA expression was assessed by conventional and real-time RT-PCR and NOS 2 protein by using Western blot analysis. Human subjects were also infected with HRV-16 in vivo, and mRNA for NOS 2 was assessed in nasal epithelial scrapings obtained before and after infection.Results NOS 2 mRNA levels increased within 8 hours after HRV-16 infection of cultured cells and remained elevated up to 48 hours after infection. NOS 2 protein was elevated at 24 hours. Induction of NOS 2 did not occur with UV-inactivated HRV-16 but could be reproduced by using double-stranded RNA, indicating that induction was dependent on viral replication. Increased NOS 2 expression was also observed in nasal epithelial scrapings during symptomatic colds.Conclusion Increased epithelial expression of NOS 2 mRNA occurs as part of the host response to HRV infection in vitro and in vivo. Given the antiviral effects of NO, we speculate that increased host production of NO may play an important role in host defense during HRV infections.
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Early studies demonstrated increased susceptibility of mammalian cells to bacterial adherence as a result of viral infection in vitro and in vivo.
“Early studies demonstrated increased susceptibility of mammalian cells to bacterial adherence as a result of viral infection in vitro (60, 251) and in vivo (131, 204, 213, 215, 250).”
From The airway epithelium: soldier in the fight against respiratory viruses (2011) · cites this paper as [251]
Bacteria adhere to various host cell molecules on the airway epithelium, including PAF-r, P5 fimbriae, CEACAM-1, and ICAM-1.
“Bacteria adhere to various host cell molecules on the airway epithelium, including platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-r), outer membrane protein P5-homologous fimbriae (P5 fimbriae), carcinoembryonic antigen-related cellular adhesion 1 (CEACAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) (37, 124, 251).”
From The airway epithelium: soldier in the fight against respiratory viruses (2011) · cites this paper as [251]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Sanders, S. P., Siekierski, E. S., Richards, S. M., Porter, J. D., Imani, F., & Proud, D.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 235-243
- ISSN
- 0091-6749 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2144180956
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ai044696-03, 5p01ai037163-07, 5r01hl061011-02)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 61011)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI 37163, AI44696)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Keywords
- human rhinovirus, nitric oxide, common cold, airway epithelial cells, nasal epithelium, antiviral defense, viral replication, asthma exacerbations, gene induction
- MeSH terms
- Bronchi, Common Cold, Epithelial Cells, Humans, Male, Nasal Mucosa, Rhinovirus, RNA, Double-Stranded, RNA, Messenger, Gene Expression, Nitric Oxide Synthase, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II, In Vitro Techniques
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