THE SPIRAL GROWTH OF CRYSTALS

Abstract

I. Crystal Surfaces in Equilibrium with the Surrounding Medium 117 The Surface Energy of Crystals 117 1. Kinks in Elementary Steps 117 2. Crystal Surface Energy. Herring's Formula 118 3. Corner Points in the Profiles of Crystal Surfaces 119 4. Surface Stability Conditions 120 5. The Equilibrium Shape of an Open Curve 121 II. Crystal Growth from Vapor 122 6. Particles Adsorbed on a Surface 123 7. The Motion of an Isolated Step 123 8. Parallel Sequences of Elementary Steps 124 9. The Normal Rate of Spiral Growth 124 10. The Motion of Macroscopic Steps 126 11. Some Experimental Results 128 12. Evaporation 129 III. Crystal Growth from the Solution and from the Melt 129 13. Introduction 129 14. The Motion of a Parallel Sequence of Elementary Steps 130 15. The Normal Growth Rate 131 16. Some Experimental Results 131 17. Growth from the Melt 132 18. The Diffusion Field and Rate of Advance of a Macroscopic Step 133 IV. The Interaction of Growing Crystals with Impurities 134 19. The Influence of Impurities on the Growth Rate 134 a) Strongly Adsorbed Impurities Captured by a Growing Crystal 135 b). Impurity Poisoning of Sinks 135 20. Nonequilibrium Capture of Impurities in Crystal Growth 137 21. Dislocation Production in Impurity Capture 139 V. Etching 139 VI. Collective Effects in the Movement of Steps 140 22. "Shock Waves" of Step Density 141 23. A Kinetic Equation for Steps 143 References 145