The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Complexity and robustness
Open accessAbstract
Highly optimized tolerance (HOT) was recently introduced as a conceptual framework to study fundamental aspects of complexity. HOT is motivated primarily by systems from biology and engineering and emphasizes, (i) highly structured, nongeneric, self-dissimilar internal configurations, and (ii) robust yet fragile external behavior. HOT claims these are the most important features of complexity and not accidents of evolution or artifices of engineering design but are inevitably intertwined and mutually reinforcing. In the spirit of this collection, our paper contrasts HOT with alternative perspectives on complexity, drawing on real-world examples and also model systems, particularly those from self-organized criticality.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
Shannon, C. E. (1948) · Bell System Technical Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x · Cited by 88,486
Reverse engineering of biological complexity
Csete, M. E., & Doyle, J. C. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1069981 · Cited by 1,215
Self-citation
Cited by
Kitano, H. (2004) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1471 · Cited by 2,278
Computational systems biology.
Kitano, H. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01254 · Cited by 2,209
Reverse engineering of biological complexity
Csete, M. E., & Doyle, J. C. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1069981 · Cited by 1,215
Self-citationRobustness of cellular functions
Stelling, J., Sauer, U., Szallasi, Z., Doyle, F. J., & Doyle, J. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.008 · Cited by 1,049
Self-citationSumpter, D. J. T. (2010) · doi:10.1515/9781400837106 · Cited by 914
Metadata
- Authors
- Carlson, J. M., & Doyle, J.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2002-02-19
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- suppl_1
- Pages
- 2538-2545
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- OpenAlex
- W2068602646
- Cited by
- 814
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 17.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Complexity and robustness. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1073/pnas.012582499
- The paper
- Carlson, J. M., & Doyle, J. (2002). Complexity and robustness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.012582499
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
