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The limited impact of kinship on cooperation in wild chimpanzees
Open accessAbstract
The complex cooperative behavior exhibited by wild chimpanzees generates considerable theoretical and empirical interest, yet we know very little about the mechanisms responsible for its evolution. Here, we investigate the influence of kinship on the cooperative behavior of male chimpanzees living in an unusually large community at Ngogo in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Using long-term field observations and molecular genetic techniques to identify kin relations between individuals, we show that male chimpanzees clearly prefer to affiliate and cooperate with their maternal brothers in several behavioral contexts. Despite these results, additional analyses reveal that the impact of kinship is limited; paternal brothers do not selectively affiliate and cooperate, probably because they cannot be reliably recognized, and the majority of highly affiliative and cooperative dyads are actually unrelated or distantly related. These findings add to a growing body of research that indicates that animals cooperate with each other to obtain both direct and indirect fitness benefits and that complex cooperation can occur between kin and nonkin alike.
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“Food sharing between unrelated individuals outside the mating context is rare but has been reported for humans, vampire bats, chimpanzees and bonobos [13,46,48,49,52].”
From Food sharing is linked to urinary oxytocin levels and bonding in related and unrelated wild chimpanzees (2014) · cites this paper as [13]
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“What makes food sharing in chimpanzees unusual in the animal kingdom is that, as well as occurring between kin [52] and in sexual contexts [50], food sharing also occurs between non-kin adults in non-sexual contexts [13,15,52,53].”
From Food sharing is linked to urinary oxytocin levels and bonding in related and unrelated wild chimpanzees (2014) · cites this paper as [13]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Langergraber, K. E., Mitani, J. C., & Vigilant, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2007-05-08
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 7786-7790
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC1876525
- OpenAlex
- W2102487116
- Cited by
- 464
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 29.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Keywords
- kinship, cooperation, chimpanzees, indirect fitness benefits, social evolution, dyadic cooperation, relatedness
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Pan troglodytes, Cooperative Behavior, Biological Evolution, Male, Siblings
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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