Cited by 1,126Primate Behavior and EcologyLanguage and cultural evolutionChild and Animal Learning Development

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Social intelligence, innovation, and enhanced brain size in primates

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Reader, Simon M., Laland, Kevin N.·2002·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.062041299PMC PMC123666

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Abstract

Despite considerable current interest in the evolution of intelligence, the intuitively appealing notion that brain volume and “intelligence” are linked remains untested. Here, we use ecologically relevant measures of cognitive ability, the reported incidence of behavioral innovation, social learning, and tool use, to show that brain size and cognitive capacity are indeed correlated. A comparative analysis of 533 instances of innovation, 445 observations of social learning, and 607 episodes of tool use established that social learning, innovation, and tool use frequencies are positively correlated with species' relative and absolute “executive” brain volumes, after controlling for phylogeny and research effort. Moreover, innovation and social learning frequencies covary across species, in conflict with the view that there is an evolutionary tradeoff between reliance on individual experience and social cues. These findings provide an empirical link between behavioral innovation, social learning capacities, and brain size in mammals. The ability to learn from others, invent new behaviors, and use tools may have played pivotal roles in primate brain evolution.

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Authors: Reader, S. M., & Laland, K. N.
Affiliations: University of Cambridge (GB)
Corresponding author: Reader, Simon M.
ORCID: Reader, Simon M.
Laland, Kevin N.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2002-03-12
Volume: 99
Issue: 7
Pages: 4436-4441
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.062041299
PMC: PMC123666
OpenAlex: W2156834836
Cited by: 1,126
References: 80
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 79
FWCI: 31.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
eScholarship@McGill (McGill) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Royal Society
Directorate for Biological Sciences
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords: social intelligence, behavioral innovation, social learning, tool use, brain size, primate cognition, brain evolution, evolutionary trade-offs, comparative cognition
MeSH terms: Animals, Brain, Biological Evolution, Intelligence, Learning, Primates, Social Behavior

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Social intelligence, innovation, and enhanced brain size in primates

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