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Social intelligence, innovation, and enhanced brain size in primates
Open accessAbstract
Despite considerable current interest in the evolution of intelligence, the intuitively appealing notion that brain volume and “intelligence” are linked remains untested. Here, we use ecologically relevant measures of cognitive ability, the reported incidence of behavioral innovation, social learning, and tool use, to show that brain size and cognitive capacity are indeed correlated. A comparative analysis of 533 instances of innovation, 445 observations of social learning, and 607 episodes of tool use established that social learning, innovation, and tool use frequencies are positively correlated with species' relative and absolute “executive” brain volumes, after controlling for phylogeny and research effort. Moreover, innovation and social learning frequencies covary across species, in conflict with the view that there is an evolutionary tradeoff between reliance on individual experience and social cues. These findings provide an empirical link between behavioral innovation, social learning capacities, and brain size in mammals. The ability to learn from others, invent new behaviors, and use tools may have played pivotal roles in primate brain evolution.
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“One implication is that the ratio measures of relative brain structure size used commonly in comparative studies, such as neocortex ratio [8], ‘executive’ brain ratio [7,10,11] and ‘cerebrotype’ [50] conflate allometric scaling with selection on specific brain regions.”
From Embodied cognitive evolution and the cerebellum (2012) · cites this paper as [11]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Reader, S. M., & Laland, K. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Reader, Simon M.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2002-03-12
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 4436-4441
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC123666
- OpenAlex
- W2156834836
- Cited by
- 1,126
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 79
- FWCI
- 31.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- eScholarship@McGill (McGill) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Royal Society
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- social intelligence, behavioral innovation, social learning, tool use, brain size, primate cognition, brain evolution, evolutionary trade-offs, comparative cognition
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Biological Evolution, Intelligence, Learning, Primates, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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