Therapeutic B cell depletion impairs adaptive and autoreactive CD4 + T cell activation in mice

Abstract

CD20 antibody depletion of B lymphocytes effectively ameliorates multiple T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases through mechanisms that remain unclear. To address this, a mouse CD20 antibody that depletes >95% of mature B cells in mice with otherwise intact immune systems was used to assess the role of B cells in CD4 + and CD8 + T cell activation and expansion in vivo . B cell depletion had no direct effect on T cell subsets or the activation status of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in naive mice. However, B cell depletion impaired CD4 + T cell activation and clonal expansion in response to protein antigens and pathogen challenge, whereas CD8 + T cell activation was not affected. In vivo dendritic cell ablation, along with CD20 immunotherapy, revealed that optimal antigen-specific CD4 + T cell priming required both B cells and dendritic cells. Most importantly, B cell depletion inhibited antigen-specific CD4 + T cell expansion in both collagen-induced arthritis and autoimmune diabetes mouse models. These results provide direct evidence that B cells contribute to T cell activation and expansion in vivo and offer insights into the mechanism of action for B cell depletion therapy in the treatment of autoimmunity.