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Subdivisions of primary motor cortex based on cortico-motoneuronal cells
Open accessAbstract
We used retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus from single muscles of rhesus monkeys to identify cortico-motoneuronal (CM) cells in the primary motor cortex (M1) that make monosynaptic connections with motoneurons innervating shoulder, elbow, and finger muscles. We found that M1 has 2 subdivisions. A rostral region lacks CM cells and represents an “old” M1 that is the standard for many mammals. The descending commands mediated by corticospinal efferents from old M1 must use the integrative mechanisms of the spinal cord to generate motoneuron activity and motor output. In contrast, a caudal region of M1 contains shoulder, elbow, and finger CM cells. This region represents a “new” M1 that is present only in some higher primates and humans. The direct access to motoneurons afforded by CM cells enables the newly recognized M1 to bypass spinal cord mechanisms and sculpt novel patterns of motor output that are essential for highly skilled movements.
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Cited by
Predictions not commands: Active inference in the motor system
Adams, R. A., Shipp, S., & Friston, K. J. (2013) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-012-0475-5 · Cited by 765
Siebner, H. R., Funke, K., Aberra, A. S., Antal, A., Bestmann, S., Chen, R., Classen, J., Davare, M., Di Lazzaro, V., Fox, P. T., et al. (2022) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2022.04.022 · Cited by 566
Sterling, P., & Laughlin, S. (2015) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262028707.001.0001 · Cited by 482
Convergent transcriptional specializations in the brains of humans and song-learning birds
Pfenning, A. R., Hara, E., Whitney, O., Rivas, M. V., Wang, R., Roulhac, P. L., Howard, J. T., Wirthlin, M., Lovell, P. V., Ganapathy, G., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1256846 · Cited by 463
The cell biology of rabies virus: using stealth to reach the brain
Schnell, M. J., McGettigan, J. P., Wirblich, C., & Papaneri, A. (2010) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2260 · Cited by 391
Metadata
- Authors
- Rathelot, J.-A., & Strick, P. L.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2009-01-20
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 918-923
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- OpenAlex
- W2044890387
- Cited by
- 584
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 13.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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- Rathelot, J.-A., & Strick, P. L. (2009). Subdivisions of primary motor cortex based on cortico-motoneuronal cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0808362106
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
