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CTCF-dependent enhancer-blocking by alternative chromatin loop formation
Open accessAbstract
The mechanism underlying enhancer-blocking by insulators is unclear. We explored the activity of human beta-globin HS5, the orthologue of the CTCF-dependent chicken HS4 insulator. An extra copy of HS5 placed between the beta-globin locus control region (LCR) and downstream genes on a transgene fulfills the classic predictions for an enhancer-blocker. Ectopic HS5 does not perturb the LCR but blocks gene activation by interfering with RNA pol II, activator and coactivator recruitment, and epigenetic modification at the downstream beta-globin gene. Underlying these effects, ectopic HS5 disrupts chromatin loop formation between beta-globin and the LCR, and instead forms a new loop with endogenous HS5 that topologically isolates the LCR. Both enhancer-blocking and insulator-loop formation depend on an intact CTCF site in ectopic HS5 and are sensitive to knock-down of the CTCF protein by siRNA. Thus, intrinsic looping activity of CTCF sites can nullify LCR function.
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“Transgene assays of the human β-globin locus then showed that two insulator sites binding CTCF could form a chromatin loop [332].”
From Transcriptional enhancers and their communication with gene promoters (2021) · cites this paper as [332]
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“In erythroid cells expressing globin genes, a large CTCF-CTCF loop encompasses the beta-globin genes and the locus control region (LCR), consistent with the organization of the locus in an insulated neighborhood.”
From Insulated Neighborhoods: Structural and Functional Units of Mammalian Gene Control (2016) · cites this paper as Hou et al., 2008
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hou, C., Zhao, H., Tanimoto, K., & Dean, A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Tsukuba (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Dean, Ann
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2008-12-23
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 51
- Pages
- 20398-20403
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2629272
- OpenAlex
- W2069172573
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 5.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20678002)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Keywords
- CTCF, enhancer blocking, insulators, chromatin looping, locus control region, beta-globin, RNA polymerase II recruitment, coactivator recruitment, epigenetic modifications, topologically associating domains, chromatin topology
- MeSH terms
- CCCTC-Binding Factor, Chromatin, DNA-Binding Proteins, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Repressor Proteins, Transgenes, Locus Control Region, Insulator Elements, Epigenesis, Genetic, beta-Globins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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