Cited by 687Pleistocene-Era Hominins and ArchaeologyArchaeology and ancient environmental studiesArchaeological and Geological Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe

Open access

Roebroeks, Wil, Villa, Paola·2011·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.1018116108PMC PMC3069174

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The timing of the human control of fire is a hotly debated issue, with claims for regular fire use by early hominins in Africa at ∼1.6 million y ago. These claims are not uncontested, but most archaeologists would agree that the colonization of areas outside Africa, especially of regions such as Europe where temperatures at time dropped below freezing, was indeed tied to the use of fire. Our review of the European evidence suggests that early hominins moved into northern latitudes without the habitual use of fire. It was only much later, from ∼300,000 to 400,000 y ago onward, that fire became a significant part of the hominin technological repertoire. It is also from the second half of the Middle Pleistocene onward that we can observe spectacular cases of Neandertal pyrotechnological knowledge in the production of hafting materials. The increase in the number of sites with good evidence of fire throughout the Late Pleistocene shows that European Neandertals had fire management not unlike that documented for Upper Paleolithic groups.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.1018116108

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Human cannibalism in the Early Pleistocene of Europe (Gran Dolina, Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain)
Ferna´ndez-Jalvo, Y., Carlos Dı´ez, J., Ca´ceres, I., & Rosell, J. (1999) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1006/jhev.1999.0324 · Cited by 210
Fire and its roles in early hominid lifeways
Clark, J. D., & Harris, J. W. K. (1985) · The African Archaeological Review · doi:10.1007/bf01117453 · Cited by 205

Show all 2 references

Research works printed but not linked: 75

10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00093-9 · DOI
10.1086/203705 · DOI
10.1038/294125a0 · DOI
CK Brain, Fifty years of fun with fossils. Breathing Life into Fossils: Taphonomic Studies in Honor of C.K. (Bob) Brain, eds TR Pickering, N Toth, K Schick (Stone Age Institute Press, Gosport, IN), pp. 1–24 (2004).
R Wrangham Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human (Basic Books, New York, 2009).
10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.02.011 · DOI
10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.03.003 · DOI
10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00020-5 · DOI
10.1038/nature09117 · DOI
10.1016/j.crpv.2005.10.008 · DOI
10.1006/jhev.2000.0435 · DOI · Paper page
10.1126/science.1175028 · DOI · Paper page
RL Kelly The Foraging Spectrum. Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways (Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1995).
HJ Christian, et al., Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector. J Geophys Res 108, 1–15 (2003). · DOI
10.1016/j.jas.2005.11.011 · DOI
10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.04.002 · DOI
10.1006/jasc.2001.0742 · DOI
10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.001 · DOI
10.1016/j.quaint.2009.10.023 · DOI
10.1038/nature06815 · DOI
D Richter, Altersbestimmung der Fundschichten von Schöningen mit dosimetrischen Datierungsmethoden. Die Schöninger Speere—Mensch und Jagd vor 400,000 Jahren, eds H Thieme, R Maier (Konrad Theiss, Stuttgart), pp. 62–66 (2008).
S Schiegl, H Thieme Auf den Spuren von Feuer in Schöningen 13 II-4—Mensch und Jagd vor 400,000 Jahren, eds H Thieme, R Maier (Konrad Theiss, Stuttgart), pp. 167–171 (2008).
10.1002/jqs.1043 · DOI
JAJ Gowlett, J Hallos, S Hounsell, V Brant, NC Debenham, Beeches Pit: Archaeology, assemblage dynamics and early fire history of a Middle Pleistocene site in East Anglia, UK. J Eurasian Prehist 3, 3–38 (2005).
10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.09.007 · DOI
10.1080/01977261.1996.11754385 · DOI
, ed M Piperno (Osanna, Venosa Notarchirico: Un Sito del Pleistocene Medio Iniziale nel Bacino di Venosa, 1999).
, eds MB Roberts, SA Parfitt (English Heritage, London) Boxgrove: A Middle Pleistocene Hominid Site at Eartham Quarry, Boxgrove, West Sussex 17 (1999).
VB Doronichev, The Lower Paleolithic in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus: A reappraisal of the data and new approaches. PaleoAnthropology 2008, 107–157 (2008).
10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00031-8 · DOI
10.1016/j.quaint.2010.02.023 · DOI
10.1006/jasc.1999.0541 · DOI
10.1016/j.crpv.2005.11.014 · DOI
A-M Moigne, R Barsky, Large mammal assemblages from Lower Palaeolithic sites in France: La Caune d’Arago, Terra Amata, Orgnac 3 and Cagny l’Epinette. The Role of Early Humans in the Accumulation of European Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Bone Assemblages, eds S Gaudzinski, E Turner (Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz, Germany), pp. 219–235 (1999).
J Rodríguez, One million years of cultural evolution in a stable environment at Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain). Quat Sci Rev, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.021. (2010). · DOI
10.1016/S0003-5521(01)80005-4 · DOI
10.1006/jhev.1999.0346 · DOI
10.1016/j.quaint.2009.12.005 · DOI
P Callow, D Walton, CA Shell, The use of fire at La Cotte de St. Brelade. La Cotte de St. Brelade 1961–1978. Excavations by C.B.M. McBurney, eds P Callow, JM Cornford (Geo Books, Norwich, UK), pp. 193–195 (1986).
10.1016/j.jas.2006.01.006 · DOI
10.1179/eja.2001.4.3.385 · DOI
10.1073/pnas.0904369106 · DOI
I Théry-Parisot, L Meignen, Economie des combustibles (bois et lignite) dans l’abri Moustérien des Canalettes. Gallia Préhistoire 42, 45–55 (2000).
D Leesch Hauterive-Champréveyres 10. Un campement magdalénien au bord du lac de Neuchatel, cadre chronologique et culturel, mobilier et structures (secteur 1) (Service and Cantonal Museum of Archeology, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, 1997).
J Bullinger, D Leesch, N Plumettaz Le site magdalénien de Monruz. Premiers éléments pour l’analyse d’un habitat de plein air (Service and Cantonal Museum of Archeology, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, 2006).
D Leesch, J Bullinger, M-I Cattin, W Müller, N Plumettaz, Hearths and hearth-related activities in Magdalenian open-air sites: The case studies of Champréveyres and Monruz (Switzerland) and their relevance to an understanding of Upper Paleolithic site structure. The Magdalenian in Central Europe. New Finds and Concepts, eds M Poltowicz-Bobak, D Bobak (Institute of Archaeology, Univ of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland), pp. 53–69 (2010).
10.1016/j.jas.2008.10.015 · DOI
10.1016/j.jas.2008.07.006 · DOI
D Henry, The palimpsest problem, hearth pattern analysis, and Middle Paleolithic site structure. Quaternary Int, 10.1016/j.quaint.2010.10.013. (2010). · DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0009157 · DOI
10.1006/jasc.1995.0048 · DOI
RM Albert, F Berna, P Goldberg, Insights on Neanderthal fire use at Kebara Cave (Israel) through high resolution study of prehistoric combustion features: Evidence from phytoliths and thin sections. Quaternary Int, 10.1016/j.quaint.2010.10.016. (2010). · DOI
10.1560/IJES.56.2-4.107 · DOI
10.1006/jhev.2001.0498 · DOI
10.1126/science.281.5374.251 · DOI
10.1126/science.283.5400.299a · DOI
N Alperson-Afil, D Richter, N Goren-Inbar, Phantom hearths and the use of fire at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel. PaleoAnthropology 2007, 1–15 (2007).
10.1126/science.1095443 · DOI · Paper page
, eds N Alperson-Afil, N Goren-Inbar (Springer, London The Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Volume II. Ancient Flames and Controlled Use of Fire, 2010).
P Villa, A view from Western Europe. The Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Volume II. Ancient Flames and Controlled Use of Fire, eds N Alperson-Afil, N Goren-Inbar (Springer, London), pp. IX–XIII (2010).
CC Andre, AR Skinner, HP Schwarcz, CK Brain, F Thackeray, Further exploration of the first use of fire. PaleoAnthropology 2010, A1–A2 (2010).
10.1126/science.284.5415.741c · DOI
10.1006/jhev.1994.1041 · DOI
E Carthaus, Spuren von möglicherweise menschlicher Tätigkeit in den Trinil-Schichten. Die Pithecanthropus-Schichten auf Java. Geologische und Paläontologische Ergebnisse der Trinil Expedition, eds L Selenka, M Blanckenhorn (Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, Germany), pp. 231–234 (1911).
J Schuster, Die Flora der Trinil-Schichten. Die Pithecanthropus-Schichten auf Java. Geologische und Paläontologische Ergebnisse der Trinil Expedition, eds L Selenka, M Blanckenhorn (Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, Germany), pp. 235–284 (1911).
10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.07.009 · DOI
10.1038/nature02829 · DOI
10.4207/PA.2009.ART31 · DOI
K Eidlitz Food and Emergency Food in the Circumpolar Area (Almqvist Wiksell, Uppsala, 1969).
10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141048 · DOI
10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.09.006 · DOI
R Dennell The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, 2009).
10.1002/jqs.1044 · DOI
10.1073/pnas.1016868108 · DOI
10.1511/2008.69.3670 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 562

All about wood ash: Long term fire experiments reveal unknown aspects of the formation and preservation of ash with critical implications on the emergence and use of fire in the past
Karkanas, P. (2021) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2021.105476 · Cited by 63
Exploring potential drivers of E uropean biomass burning over the H olocene: a data‐model analysis
Molinari, C., Lehsten, V., Bradshaw, R., Power, M. J., Harmand, P., Arneth, A., Kaplan, J. O., Vannière, B., & Sykes, M. T. (2013) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/geb.12090 · Cited by 57
River Systems and the Anthropocene: A Late Pleistocene and Holocene Timeline for Human Influence
Gibling, M. R. (2018) · Quaternary · doi:10.3390/quat1030021 · Cited by 76
Plant use in the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic: Food, medicine and raw materials
Hardy, K. (2018) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.04.028 · Cited by 81
The pyrophilic primate hypothesis
Parker, C. H., Keefe, E. R., Herzog, N. M., O’Connell, J. F., & Hawkes, K. (2016) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.21475 · Cited by 70
Identifying and Describing Pattern and Process in the Evolution of Hominin Use of Fire
Sandgathe, D. (2017) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/691459 · Cited by 59
“This long-term successive use of fire at individual sites has been described as the first evidence for “habitual” use (Bentsen 2014; Karkanas et al. 2007; Roebroeks and Villa 2011; ShahackGross et al. 2014; Shimelmitz et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Toward a Long Prehistory of Fire
Chazan, M. (2017) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/691988 · Cited by 60
“Evidence for interaction between hominins and fire before ca. 400,000 years ago is rare (for reviews of evidence, see Bar- betti 1986; Bellomo 1994; James 1989; Perlès 1977; Roebroeks and Villa 2011; Rolland 2004).”
Background
Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of wood ash: an experimental study with archaeological implications
Shahack-Gross, R., & Ayalon, A. (2013) · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2012.06.036 · Cited by 60
Geochemical Evidence for the Control of Fire by Middle Palaeolithic Hominins
Brittingham, A., Hren, M., Hartman, G., Wilkinson, K., Mallol, C., Gasparyan, B., & Adler, D. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51433-0 · Cited by 59
Neanderthal Cooking and the Costs of Fire
Henry, A. G. (2017) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/692095 · Cited by 78
Food material properties and early hominin processing techniques.
Zink, K., Lieberman, D., & Lucas, P. (2014) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.012 · Cited by 59
Fire and grass-bedding construction 200 thousand years ago at Border Cave, South Africa
Wadley, L., Esteban, I., de la Peña, P., Wojcieszak, M., Stratford, D., Lennox, S. J., d’Errico, F., Rosso, D. E., Orange, F., Backwell, L., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc7239 · Cited by 74
Reconstructing past fire temperatures from ancient charcoal material
Gosling, W. D., Cornelissen, H. L., & McMichael, C. N. H. (2019) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.01.029 · Cited by 65
An Evolutionary Developmental Approach to Cultural Evolution
Andersson, C., Törnberg, A., & Törnberg, P. (2014) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/675692 · Cited by 52
Roots of the Middle Paleolithic in Eurasia
Kuhn, S. (2013) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/673529 · Cited by 58
“The radically different habitats that hominins encountered in different places as well as the severe fluctuations in climate (summarized in Andel and Davies 2003; Rohling et al. 2013) would inevitably have led to divergent adaptations among local populations.”
Background
From Neandertals to modern humans: New data on the Uluzzian
Villa, P., Pollarolo, L., Conforti, J., Marra, F., Biagioni, C., Degano, I., Łucejko, J. J., Tozzi, C., Pennacchioni, M., Zanchetta, G., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0196786 · Cited by 63
Self-citation
The Acheulean workshop of la Noira (France, 700 ka) in the European technological context
Moncel, M., Despriée, J., Voinchet, P., Courcimault, G., Hardy, B., Bahain, J., Puaud, S., Gallet, X., & Falguères, C. (2015) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.04.051 · Cited by 60
Archaeological Starch
Copeland, L., & Hardy, K. (2018) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy8010004 · Cited by 57
“There is secure evidence for the controlled use of fire, which would have been essential for cooking, from around 400,000 years ago [96,97], although some evidence indicates fire may have been used over 1m years ago [98].”
Background
To see a world in a hafted tool: birch pitch composite technology, cognitionand memoryin Neanderthals
Sykes, R. W. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139208697.008 · Cited by 67
Two-stage mid-Brunhes climate transition and mid-Pleistocene human diversification
Ao, H., Rohling, E. J., Stringer, C. B., Roberts, A. P., Dekkers, M. J., Dupont‐Nivet, G., Yu, J., Liu, Q., Zhang, P., Liu, Z., et al. (2020) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103354 · Cited by 69
Insights into hominin phenotypic and dietary evolution from ancient DNA sequence data
Perry, G. H., Kistler, L., Kelaita, M. A., & Sams, A. J. (2015) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.10.018 · Cited by 59
“However, with the exception of the agricultural transition, given the rarity or absence of direct evidence from the hominin fossil record there is considerable uncertaintyd or even strong debated about the time periods during which these dietary shifts occurred (de Heinzelin et al., 1999; Laden andWrangham, 2005; Bunn…”
Background
Language Abilities in Neanderthals
Johansson, S. (2014) · Annual Review of Linguistics · doi:10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124945 · Cited by 62
Preindustrial Human Impacts on Global and Regional Environment
Doughty, C. E. (2013) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-032012-095147 · Cited by 67
“Even before modern humans evolved there is evidence that Homo erectus was already manipulating fire, with the earliest evidence found in a South African cave from one million years BP (26), and routine use of fire by hominins after leaving Africa likely by ∼400,000 years ago (27).”
Background
Zoon politikon: The evolutionary origins of human socio-political systems
Gintis, H., van Schaik, C., & Boehm, C. (2019) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2018.01.007 · Cited by 53
“We have firm evidence from about 400,000 years ago in Europe (Roebroeks and Villa 2011), and about 800,000 years ago in Israel (Alperson-Afil 2008), but it is likely that this key event had originated in Africa much earlier (Gowlett and Wrangham 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Sensitivity of burned area in Europe to climate change, atmospheric CO2 levels, and demography: A comparison of two fire‐vegetation models
Wu, M., Knorr, W., Thonicke, K., Schurgers, G., Camia, A., & Arneth, A. (2015) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1002/2015jg003036 · Cited by 66
“…human activities have increasingly been influencing fire regimes through population growth, settlements, changes in land use, and fire management [Savage and Swetnam, 1990; Guyette et al., 2002; Mouillot and Field, 2005; Marlon et al., 2008; McWethy et al., 2010; Roebroeks and Villa, 2011].”
Background
Group size, vocal grooming and the origins of language
Dunbar, R. I. M. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1122-6 · Cited by 53
The global challenge of clean cooking systems
Wright, C., Sathre, R., & Buluswar, S. (2020) · Food Security · doi:10.1007/s12571-020-01061-8 · Cited by 63
How Did Hominins Adapt to Ice Age Europe without Fire?
Dibble, H., Abodolahzadeh, A., Aldeias, V., Goldberg, P., McPherron, S., & Sandgathe, D. (2017) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/692628 · Cited by 52
“…based on only a few Middle Paleolithic sites, and given the lack of comparable data available in the literature (see Sandgathe 2017; Sandgathe et al. 2011b; Roebroeks and Villa 2011), it is still unknown to what extent this pattern holds true for many other times and places during the Pleistocene.”
Background
Controlled fire use in early humans might have triggered the evolutionary emergence of tuberculosis
Chisholm, R. H., Trauer, J. M., Curnoe, D., & Tanaka, M. M. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1603224113 · Cited by 61
“Although fire must also have been used at open-air sites, most Pleistocene evidence for controlled fire use from the archaeological record derives from caves (8, 9).”
Background
Revolutions in energy input and material cycling in Earth history and human history
Lenton, T. M., Pichler, P., & Weisz, H. (2016) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-7-353-2016 · Cited by 69
“Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.”
BackgroundInfluential
Combusted bone: Physical and chemical changes of bone during laboratory simulated heating under oxidising conditions and their relevance for the study of ancient fire use
van Hoesel, A., Reidsma, F. H., van Os, B., Megens, L., & Braadbaart, F. (2019) · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102033 · Cited by 51
Hearth-Related Wood Remains from Abric Romaní Layer M (Capellades, Spain)
Solé, A., Allué, E., & Carbonell, E. (2013) · Journal of Anthropological Research · doi:10.3998/jar.0521004.0069.406 · Cited by 50
Cultural mosaics, social structure, and identity: The Acheulean threshold in Europe
Ashton, N. M., & Davis, R. J. (2021) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103011 · Cited by 52
“…from c. MIS 11 at Terra Amata in southern France, Menez-Dregan in western France, Beeches Pit in eastern England and Gruta da Aroeira in Portugal (Gowlett et al., 2005; Mania, 1995; Preece et al., 2006; Roebroeks and Villa, 2011; de Lumley et al., 2015; Ravon et al., 2016a, b; Sanz et al., 2020).”
Background
Handaxe and non‐handaxe assemblages during Marine Isotope Stage 11 in northern Europe: recent investigations at Barnham, Suffolk, UK
Ashton, N. M., Lewis, S. G., Parfitt, S. A., Davis, R. J., & Stringer, C. B. (2016) · Journal of Quaternary Science · doi:10.1002/jqs.2918 · Cited by 50
“…populations was a wider suite of technological practice, such as fire use (Mania, 1995; Gowlett et al., 2005; Molines et al., 2005; Preece et al., 2006; Roebroeks and Villa, 2011), hunting with spears (Warren, 1911; Thieme, 1997; Schoch et al., 2015) and the use of hides (Voormolen, 2008).”
Background
The accelerating influence of humans on mammalian macroecological patterns over the late Quaternary
Smith, F. A., Smith, R. E. E., Lyons, S. K., Payne, J. L., & Villaseñor, A. (2019) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.02.031 · Cited by 70
Teaching and curiosity: sequential drivers of cumulative cultural evolution in the hominin lineage
van Schaik, C. P., Pradhan, G. R., & Tennie, C. (2019) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-018-2610-7 · Cited by 59
Were Western European Neandertals Able to Make Fire?
Dibble, H. L., Sandgathe, D., Goldberg, P. S., McPherron, S. P., & Aldeias, V. (2018) · Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology · doi:10.1007/s41982-017-0002-6 · Cited by 49
“…is little doubt that the regular use and maintenance of fire by hominins is present in Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age contexts and later (Roebroeks and Villa 2011; Barkai et al. 2017; Shimelmitz et al. 2014; Aldeias et al. 2014; Dibble et al. 2009, 2017; Goldberg et al. 2012;…”
Background
Human impact on wildfires varies between regions and with vegetation productivity
Lasslop, G., & Kloster, S. (2017) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa8c82 · Cited by 47
“Habitual use in Europe followed 300–400 thousand years ago (Roebroeks and Villa 2011).”
Background
Carbon, nitrogen and oxygen isotope fractionation during food cooking: Implications for the interpretation of the fossil human record
Royer, A., Daux, V., Fourel, F., & Lécuyer, C. (2017) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23246 · Cited by 52
Historical Reflection of Food Processing and the Role of Legumes as Part of a Healthy Balanced Diet
Huebbe, P., & Rimbach, G. H. (2020) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods9081056 · Cited by 67
Fire in the Early Palaeolithic: Evidence from burnt small mammal bones at Cueva Negra del Estrecho del Río Quípar, Murcia, Spain
Rhodes, S., Walker, M. J., López-Jímenez, A., López-Martínez, M., Haber-Uriarte, M., Fernández-Jalvo, Y., & Chazan, M. (2016) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.08.006 · Cited by 46
Earliest evidence of pollution by heavy metals in archaeological sites
Monge, G., Jiménez-Espejo, F. J., García‐Alix, A., Martı́nez-Ruiz, F., Mattielli, N., Finlayson, C., Ohkouchi, N., Sánchez, M. C., de Castro, J. M. B., Blasco, R., et al. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep14252 · Cited by 53
Discontinuity of Human Presence at Atapuerca during the Early Middle Pleistocene: A Matter of Ecological Competition?
Rodríguez-Gómez, G., Mateos, A., Martín-González, J. A., Blasco, R., Rosell, J., & Rodrı́guez, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101938 · Cited by 46
“Examples of this phenomenon can be found at Boxgrove in England [45], and at Bilzingsleben [46] and Schöningen [47] in Germany.”
Background
A multidisciplinary reconstruction of Palaeolithic nutrition that holds promise for the prevention and treatment of diseases of civilisation
Kuipers, R. S., Joordens, J. C. A., & Muskiet, F. A. J. (2012) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422412000017 · Cited by 43
“that solid evidence for systematic use of fire is only found from 400 to 300 Kya onwards((304)).”
Background
Rougher is more slippery: How adhesive friction decreases with increasing surface roughness due to the suppression of capillary adhesion
Hsia, F.-C., Franklin, S., Audebert, P., Brouwer, A. M., Bonn, D., & Weber, B. (2021) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.3.043204 · Cited by 44
“Around 2 million years ago, in the Middle Paleolithic period, our ancestors used the phenomenon to make fire [1].”
Middle Pleistocene hominin behavior at the 700ka Acheulean site of la Noira (France)
Hardy, B., Moncel, M., Despriée, J., Courcimault, G., & Voinchet, P. (2018) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.09.013 · Cited by 46
On the relationship between climate and Neandertal fire use during the Last Glacial in south-west France
Sorensen, A. C. (2017) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.10.003 · Cited by 43
Bipedality and hair loss in human evolution revisited: The impact of altitude and activity scheduling
Dávid-Barrett, T., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2016) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.02.006 · Cited by 44
“…1.9 million years ago (Wrangham et al., 1999), there is in fact little direct evidence for habitual fire use prior to ~400 thousand years ago (ka) (Roebroeks and Villa, 2011; Dunbar and Gowlett, 2014; Shimelmitz et al., 2014), and there is no evidence at all that any australopith populations ever…”
BackgroundInfluential
Palaeolithic archaeology of the Bytham River: human occupation of Britain during the early Middle Pleistocene and its European context
Davis, R. J., Ashton, N. M., Hatch, M., Hoare, P. G., & Lewis, S. G. (2021) · Journal of Quaternary Science · doi:10.1002/jqs.3305 · Cited by 44
“…more efficient hunting, skilled butchery, hide-working and fire-use (Warren, 1911; Thieme, 1997; Roberts and Parfitt, 1999; Gowlett et al., 2005; Preece et al., 2006; Roebroeks and Villa, 2011; Schoch et al., 2015; Zutovski and Barkai, 2016; Milks et al., 2019; Ravon, 2019; Pope et al., 2020).”
Heat Treatment of Mineral Pigment During the Upper Palaeolithic in North‐East Italy
Cavallo, G., Fontana, F., Gialanella, S., Gonzato, F., Riccardi, M., Zorzin, R., & Peresani, M. (2018) · Archaeometry · doi:10.1111/arcm.12360 · Cited by 43
Paleolithic socionatural relationships during MIS 3 and 2 in central Portugal
Haws, J. (2011) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.10.003 · Cited by 59
Recent Advances in Understanding the Role of Nutrition in Human Genome Evolution
Ye, K., & Gu, Z. (2011) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.111.001024 · Cited by 40
“6 mya onward, was the controlled use of fire (14), which also contributed to this dietary shift.”
Background
Climate without Nature: A Critical Anthropology of the Anthropocene
Bauer, A. M., & Bhan, M. (2018) · doi:10.1017/9781108525633 · Cited by 43
Extreme glacial cooling likely led to hominin depopulation of Europe in the Early Pleistocene
Margari, V., Hodell, D., Parfitt, S., Ashton, N. M., Grimalt, J., Kim, H., Yun, K.-S., Gibbard, P., Stringer, C., Timmermann, A., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adf4445 · Cited by 42
Hearth and Home in the Middle Pleistocene
Kuhn, S. L., & Stiner, M. C. (2019) · Journal of Anthropological Research · doi:10.1086/704145 · Cited by 42
“And although there was a definite increase in fire use around 350 kya, fire records did not become ubiquitous until after about 250,000 years ago (Roebroeks and Villa 2011; Rolland 2004; Gowlett 2016).”
Background
Spatial Analysis of Fire
Alperson-Afil, N. (2017) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/692721 · Cited by 42
“Some explain this gap as an indication that fire was used only sporadically before 0.4 Ma and that it was not an essential element in the subsistence of the first Europeans (Roebroeks and Villa 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Linking environmental changes with human occupations between 900 and 400 ka in Western Europe
Moncel, M., Landais, A., Lebreton, V., Combourieu‐Nebout, N., Nomade, S., & Bazin, L. (2017) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.09.065 · Cited by 68
Combustion at the late Early Pleistocene site of Cueva Negra del Estrecho del Río Quípar (Murcia, Spain)
Walker, M., Anesin, D., Angelucci, D., Avilés-Fernández, A., Berna, F., Buitrago-López, A., Fernández-Jalvo, Y., Haber-Uriarte, M., López-Jímenez, A., López-Martínez, M., et al. (2016) · Antiquity · doi:10.15184/aqy.2016.91 · Cited by 42
“Inferences that European sites lacked fire before 0.5–0.4 Ma (Roebroeks & Villa 2011) rely on the absence of hearths enabling heat-control.”
BackgroundInfluential
Improving prediction and assessment of global fires using multilayer neural networks
Joshi, J., & Sukumar, R. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81233-4 · Cited by 50
The aceramic production of Betula pubescens (downy birch) bark tar using simple raised structures. A viable Neanderthal technique?
Schenck, T., & Groom, P. (2018) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-016-0327-y · Cited by 41
“At Abric Romaní, Roebroeks and Villa (2011) report 187 combustion structures throughout the levels of the site.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
The Human Occupation of Southwestern Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum
Straus, L. G. (2015) · Journal of Anthropological Research · doi:10.3998/jar.0521004.0071.401 · Cited by 44
Overview and new results from large-scale excavations in Schöningen
Serangeli, J., Böhner, U., van Kolfschoten, T., & Conard, N. J. (2015) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.09.013 · Cited by 43
Parasites and human evolution
Perry, G. H. (2014) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.21427 · Cited by 47
What Stimulated Rapid, Cumulative Innovation After 100,000 Years Ago?
Wadley, L. (2021) · Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory · doi:10.1007/s10816-020-09499-y · Cited by 63
Neanderthal self-medication in context
Hardy, K., Buckley, S., & Huffman, M. (2013) · Antiquity · doi:10.1017/s0003598x00049528 · Cited by 40
“When cooking developed is unknown, but control of fire is certain by 300 000–400 000 years ago (Roebroeks & Villa 2011) and possibly significantly earlier (Carmody & Wrangham 2009), while grinding tools have been recorded at Middle (Van Peer et al. 2003) and Upper (Aranguren et al. 2007)…”
Background
From 800 to 500 ka in Western Europe. The Oldest Evidence of Acheuleans in Their Technological, Chronological, and Geographical Framework
Moncel, M., & Ashton, N. M. (2018) · Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthroplogy series/Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthropology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75985-2_11 · Cited by 33
Landscapes, environments and societies: The development of culture in Lower Palaeolithic Europe
Davis, R. J., & Ashton, N. M. (2019) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2019.101107 · Cited by 48
Fire and the GenusHomo
Sandgathe, D., & Berna, F. (2017) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/691424 · Cited by 38
“Over time, such lack of rigor resulted in an overestimation of the frequency of fire residues in Paleolithic sites and, in turn, how common fire use likely had been throughout the Paleolithic (e.g., Roebroeks and Villa 2011; Sandgathe et al. 2011b; Stahlschmidt et al. 2015).”
BackgroundInfluential
Origin of an obsidian scraper at Yabroud Rockshelter II (Syria): Implications for Near Eastern social networks in the early Upper Palaeolithic
Frahm, E., & Hauck, T. C. (2017) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.04.021 · Cited by 43
High potential of calcareous tufas for integrative multidisciplinary studies and prospects for archaeology in Europe
Dabkowski, J. (2014) · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.07.013 · Cited by 38
“From MIS 11 too, controlled fire use appears widespread over Northern Europe and allows significant modifications in natural resource and territorymanagement, parallel to an increase in human social/intellectual capability (Gowlett, 2006; Roebroeks and Vila, 2011; Rolland, 2004).”
Background
Preserving the food preservation legacy
Knorr, D., & Augustin, M. A. (2022) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2065459 · Cited by 40
“Earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe was about 300-400 kyr ago (Pobiner 2016; Roebroeks and Villa 2011) and also in various parts of the world from about 400 kyr ago (Gowlett 2016).”
Background
Dancing to the rhythms of the Pleistocene? Early Middle Paleolithic population dynamics in NW Iberia (Duero Basin and Cantabrian Region)
Yustos, P. S., & Martín, F. D. (2015) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.05.005 · Cited by 34
“Furthermore, this technological reorganization process is part of profound behavioral changes that included the habitual use of fire (Roebroeks and Villa, 2011), new mobility patterns (Chazan, 2009), elaborate hunting strategies (Blasco et al.”
Background
Domestic spaces as crucibles of Paleolithic culture: An archaeological perspective
Clark, A., Ranlett, S., & Stiner, M. C. (2022) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103266 · Cited by 34
Pleistocene dental calculus: Recovering information on Paleolithic food items, medicines, paleoenvironment and microbes
Hardy, K., Buckley, S., & Copeland, L. (2018) · Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.21718 · Cited by 35
“A combination of archeological, genetic and physiological evidence suggests that regular cooking developed at some point after 1 Ma,(45) and most probably by 400,000 years ago.(65) The lack of any evidence for fire in the dental calculus from Sima del Elefante is consistent with the lack of other archeological evidenc…”
Background
Forest fire management, funding dynamics, and research in the burning frontier: A comprehensive review
Bargali, H., Pandey, A., Bhatt, D. C., Sundriyal, R. C., & Uniyal, V. P. (2024) · Trees Forests and People · doi:10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100526 · Cited by 33
A 400,000-year-old Acheulean assemblage associated with the Aroeira-3 human cranium (Gruta da Aroeira, Almonda karst system, Portugal)
Daura, J., Sanz, M., Deschamps, M., Matías, H., Igreja, M., Villaescusa, L., Gómez, S., Salvador, Á. R., Souto, P., Rodrigues, F., et al. (2018) · Comptes Rendus Palevol · doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2018.03.003 · Cited by 40
Paleoenvironment and possibilities of plant exploitation in the Middle Pleistocene of Schöningen (Germany). Insights from botanical macro-remains and pollen
Bigga, G., Schoch, W. H., & Urban, B. (2015) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.10.005 · Cited by 39
Predetermined Flake Production at the Lower/Middle Paleolithic Boundary: Yabrudian Scraper-Blank Technology
Shimelmitz, R., Kuhn, S., Ronen, A., & Weinstein-Evron, M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106293 · Cited by 35
The Western European Acheulean: Reading variability at a regional scale
García-Medrano, P., Moncel, M., Maldonado-Garrido, E., Ollé, A., & Ashton, N. M. (2023) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103357 · Cited by 39
“…and Barkai, 2016; Villa et al., 2021), woodworking (Warren, 1911; Thieme, 1997; Schoch et al., 2015), ﬁ re-use (Gowlett et al., 2005; Mania, 1995; Roebroeks and Villa, 2011; Ravon et al., 2016a, 2016b; Sanz et al., 2020), and cooperative hunting and ef ﬁ cient hide-processing (Roberts and Par ﬁ…”
Background
Understanding preservation and identification biases of ancient adhesives through experimentation
Kozowyk, P. R. B., van Gijn, A. L., & Langejans, G. H. J. (2020) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-020-01179-y · Cited by 43
“Further, the production and habitual use of fire by Neandertals is believed to have first oc-curred during the Late Middle Pleistocene (Roebroeks and Villa 2011; Sorensen et al. 2018).”
BackgroundInfluential
Human occupation of northern Europe in MIS 13: Happisburgh Site 1 (Norfolk, UK) and its European context
Lewis, S. G., Ashton, N. M., Field, M. H., Hoare, P. G., Kamermans, H., Knul, M. V., Mücher, H. J., Parfitt, S. A., Roebroeks, W., & Sier, M. J. (2019) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.02.028 · Cited by 34
Self-citation
Identifying natural and anthropogenic drivers of prehistoric fire regimes through simulated charcoal records
Snitker, G. (2018) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2018.04.009 · Cited by 41
Polylepis woodland dynamics during the last 20,000 years
Valencia, B., Bush, M. B., Coe, A. L., Orren, E., & Gosling, W. (2018) · doi:10.1111/jbi.13209 · Cited by 34
Genetic Evidence of Human Adaptation to a Cooked Diet
Carmody, R. N., Dannemann, M., Briggs, A. W., Nickel, B., Groopman, E., Wrangham, R. W., & Kelso, J. F. (2016) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evw059 · Cited by 44
“These new data support the view that 1) cooking predated the evolution of modern humans; and 2) cooking was practiced sufﬁciently often to have had selective effects in Neandertals and Denisovans, despite the sporadic archaeological evidence of ﬁre (Roebroeks and Villa 2011).”
BackgroundResult
The evolution of shelter : ecology and ethology of chimpanzee nest building
Stewart, F. A. (2011) · doi:10.17863/cam.13968 · Cited by 34
“1981], whilst others argued that there is insufficient evidence until 3-400,000 years ago [Roebroeks and Villa 2011].”
Background
Past climate change effects on human evolution
Timmermann, A., Raia, P., Mondanaro, A., Zollikofer, C. P. E., de León, M. S. P., Zeller, E., & Yun, K. (2024) · Nature Reviews Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43017-024-00584-4 · Cited by 38
Heating histories and taphonomy of ancient fireplaces: A multi-proxy case study from the Upper Palaeolithic sequence of Abri Pataud (Les Eyzies-de-Tayac, France)
Braadbaart, F., Reidsma, F. H., Roebroeks, W., Chiotti, L., Slon, V., Meyer, M. J., Théry‐Parisot, I., van Hoesel, A., Nierop, K. G. J., Kaal, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102468 · Cited by 35
“Recent years have seen a heated debate about the antiquity of the use and control (including production) of fire, with hypotheses varying from a very early ( Homo erectus ) dependence on this tool (e.g. Wrangham 2009, 2013), to a range of later appearance dates, mostly centered on the middle part of the Middle Pleisto…”
Self-citation
The dawn of the Middle Paleolithic in Atapuerca: the lithic assemblage of TD10.1 from Gran Dolina
Hermida, A. D. L., Álvarez, X. P. R., Mosquera, M., Ollé, A., García-Medrano, P., Pedergnana, A., Bernal, M. T., López‐Ortega, E., Bargalló, A., Rodríguez‐Hidalgo, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102812 · Cited by 37
n-Alkyl nitriles and compound-specific carbon isotope analysis of lipid combustion residues from Neanderthal and experimental hearths: Identifying sources of organic compounds and combustion temperatures
Jambrina‐Enríquez, M., Herrera‐Herrera, A. V., de Vera, C. R., Leierer, L., Connolly, R., & Mallol, C. (2019) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105899 · Cited by 37
Early hominins in north-west Europe: A punctuated long chronology?
Hosfield, R., & Cole, J. (2018) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.04.026 · Cited by 32
“Although some 460 argue that these are isolated instances of controlled fire use in Europe (Roebroeks and Villa, 2011) 461 they are supported by dates for controlled fire use in other parts of Old World since c.”
Past and Present Post-Fire Environments
Pereira, P. A. D. S., Rein, G., & Martin, D. A. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.040 · Cited by 34
“The discovery and manipulation of fire were fundamental anthropological development for primates, which changed our capacity to adapt to different ecosystems and to a certain extension to survive throughout the time (Ellies et al., 2013; Glikinson, 2013; Roebroeks and Villa, 2011).”
Background
Human Brain Expansion during Evolution Is Independent of Fire Control and Cooking
Cornélio, A. M., de Bittencourt‐Navarrete, R. E., Brum, R. D. B., Queiroz, C. M., & Costa, M. R. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00167 · Cited by 45
“Nevertheless, Roebroeks and Villa (2011) show that “surprisingly, evidence for use of fire in the Early and early Middle Pleistocene of Europe is extremely weak.”
BackgroundInfluential
The Qesem Cave hominin material (part 1): A morphometric analysis of the mandibular premolars and molar
Weber, G. W., Fornai, C., Gopher, A., Barkai, R., Sarig, R., & Hershkovitz, I. (2016) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.027 · Cited by 34
“at least in Eurasia, started later around 400e300,000 years ago (Roebroeks and Villa, 2011; Shahack-Gross et al., 2014), and the diet in the Levant might have changed around the same time (Ben-Dor et al.”
Background
Principles of fire ecology
Kobziar, L. N., Hiers, J. K., Belcher, C. M., Bond, W. J., Enquist, C. A. F., Loudermilk, E. L., Miesel, J., O’Brien, J. J., Pausas, J. G., Hood, S. M., et al. (2024) · Fire Ecology · doi:10.1186/s42408-024-00272-0 · Cited by 51
Tracking behavioral persistence and innovations during the Middle Pleistocene in Western Europe. Shift in occupations between 700 and 450 ka at la Noira site (Centre, France)
Moncel, M., García-Medrano, P., Despriée, J., Arnaud, J., Voinchet, P., & Bahain, J. (2021) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103009 · Cited by 38
Prey Size Decline as a Unifying Ecological Selecting Agent in Pleistocene Human Evolution
Ben-Dor, M., & Barkai, R. (2021) · Quaternary · doi:10.3390/quat4010007 · Cited by 32
Early evidence of fire in south-western Europe: the Acheulean site of Gruta da Aroeira (Torres Novas, Portugal)
Sanz, M., Daura, J., Cabanes, D., Égüez, N., Carrancho, Á., Badal, E., Souto, P., Rodrigues, F., & Zilhão, J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68839-w · Cited by 32
Organic signatures of fireplaces: Experimental references for archaeological interpretations
Lejay, M., Alexis, M., Quénéa, K., Sellami, F., & Bon, F. (2016) · Organic Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2016.06.002 · Cited by 32
“Introduction 57 The use of fire by hominins is a classic field of study within the prehistoric 58 discipline history and has provided a suite of publications, debates, and 59 controversies since the 19th century (see Roebroeks and Villa, 2011 and 60 Sandgathe et al., 2011 for recent examples).”
Background
Cultural Evolution During the Middle and Late Pleistocene in Africa and Eurasia
Conard, N. J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_66 · Cited by 38
“The production of mastics such as birch pitch requires advanced knowledge of pyrotechnology and material sciences and provides good evidence for advanced cultural behavior (Wadley et al. 2009; Roebroeks and Villa 2010; Pawlik and Thissen 2011).”
Background
The importance of large prey animals during the Pleistocene and the implications of their extinction on the use of dietary ethnographic analogies
Ben‐Dor, M., & Barkai, R. (2020) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101192 · Cited by 40

Authors: Roebroeks, W., & Villa, P.
Affiliations: Leiden University (NL)
University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
ORCID: Roebroeks, Wil
Villa, Paola
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2011-03-14
Volume: 108
Issue: 13
Pages: 5209-5214
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018116108
PMC: PMC3069174
OpenAlex: W2165291892
Cited by: 687
References: 80
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 144.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeological and Geological Studies
Keywords: fire use, Neanderthals, Middle Pleistocene, Late Pleistocene, fire management, hafting, Upper Palaeolithic, northern latitudes, European prehistory
MeSH terms: Animals, Emigration and Immigration, Europe, Biological Evolution, Fires, Fossils, Humans, Technology, Hominidae

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Metadata

Record

About these checks