Group size, vocal grooming and the origins of language
Open accessAbstract
I argue that speech and language evolved through a series of stages individually designed to break through successive glass ceilings on group size. Language was simply the last of these (and hence evolved late in hominin evolution), but its precursors (laughter and singing) each played a crucial role in preparing the way for speech production.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The descent of man and selection in relation to sex
チャールス, ダ., & 茂穂, 田. (1907) · Tokyo Jinrui Gakkai zasshi · doi:10.1537/ase1887.22.495 · Cited by 10,909 · see citing works
Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1992) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/0047-2484(92)90081-j · Cited by 2,542 · see citing works
Self-citationThe descent of man, and selection in relation to sex
Darwin, C. R. (1872) · D. Appleton and company eBooks · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.2112 · Cited by 2,440 · see citing works
Mithen, S., Morley, I., Wray, A., Tallerman, M., & Gamble, C. (2006) · Cambridge Archaeological Journal · doi:10.1017/s0959774306000060 · Cited by 899 · see citing works
The social role of touch in humans and primates: Behavioural function and neurobiological mechanisms
Dunbar, R. I. M. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.07.001 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
Self-citationThe singing neanderthals: the origins of music, language, mind, and body
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-0851 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
The evolution of speech: a comparative review.
Fitch, W. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01494-7 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Functional Significance of Social Grooming in Primates
Dunbar, R. (1991) · Folia Primatologica · doi:10.1159/000156574 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Self-citationWrangham, Jones, Laden, Pilbeam, & Conklin-Brittain (1999) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.2307/3596391 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe
Roebroeks, W., & Villa, P. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1018116108 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Language: Its Nature, Development, and Origin
Kent, R. G., & Jespersen, O. (1923) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/313841 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Keverne, E. B., Martensz, N. D., & Tuite, B. (1989) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(89)90065-6 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
The ice-breaker effect: Singing mediates fast social bonding
Pearce, E., Launay, J., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2015) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.150221 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Self-citationEmbers of society: Firelight talk among the Ju/’hoansi Bushmen
Wiessner, P. W. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1404212111 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Language, Its Nature, Development, and Origin
Bloomfield, L., & Jespersen, O. (1922) · The American Journal of Philology · doi:10.2307/288939 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Group size, grooming and social cohesion in primates
Lehmann, J., Korstjens, A. H., & Dunbar, R. (2007) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.10.025 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Self-citationTopography of social touching depends on emotional bonds between humans
Suvilehto, J. T., Glerean, E., Dunbar, R. I. M., Hari, R., & Nummenmaa, L. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1519231112 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Oxford Handbook of Social Neuroscience
Decety, J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195342161.001.0001 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Language: Its Nature, Development, and Origin
Sturtevant, E. H., & Jespersen, O. (1923) · The Classical World · doi:10.2307/30107760 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
The brain opioid theory of social attachment: a review of the evidence
Machin, A. J., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2011) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/000579511x596624 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Self-citationBreaking Bread: the Functions of Social Eating
Dunbar, R. (2017) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-017-0061-4 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Self-citationSinging and social bonding: changes in connectivity and pain threshold as a function of group size
Weinstein, D., Launay, J., Pearce, E., Dunbar, R. I. M., & Stewart, L. (2016) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.10.002 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Self-citationEmpirical approaches to the study of language evolution
Fitch, W. T. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1236-5 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Social laughter is correlated with an elevated pain threshold
Dunbar, R. I. M., Baron, R., Frangou, A., Pearce, E., van Leeuwen, E. J. C., Stow, J., Partridge, G., MacDonald, I., Barra, V., & van Vugt, M. (2012) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1373 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Self-citationBridging the bonding gap: the transition from primates to humans
Dunbar, R. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0217 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationA Middle Palaeolithic human hyoid bone
Arensburg, B., Tillier, A. M., Vandermeersch, B., et al. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/338758a0 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Social Markers and the Evolution of Reciprocal Exchange
Nettle, D. (1997) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/204588 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Roberts, S. G. B., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2011) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.08.005 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationThe animal nature of spontaneous human laughter
Bryant, G. A., & Aktipis, A. (2014) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.03.003 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Auditory capacities in Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sierra de Atapuerca in Spain
Martı́nez, I., Rosa-Zurera, M., Arsuaga, J. L., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0403595101 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Waller, B. M., & Dunbar, R. (2005) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.01045.x · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationDeterminants and evolutionary consequences of dominance among female gelada baboons
Dunbar, R. (1980) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00300665 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial touch modulates endogenous μ-opioid system activity in humans
Nummenmaa, L., Tuominen, L. J., Dunbar, R., Hirvonen, J., Manninen, S., Arponen, E., Machin, A., Hari, R., Jääskeläinen, I. P., & Sams, M. E. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.063 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationLanguage Its nature, development and origin
Jespersen, O. 1.-1. (1922) · Cited by 149 · see citing works
The hypoglossal canal and the origin of human vocal behavior
Kay, R. F., Cartmill, M., & Balow, M. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.9.5417 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Laughing, Smiling, and Talking: Relation to Sleeping and Social Context in Humans
Provine, R. R., & Fischer, K. R. (1989) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1989.tb00536.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Human Evolution and the Archaeology of the Social Brain
Gowlett, J. A. J., Gamble, C., & Dunbar, R. (2012) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/667994 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationSharing the joke: the size of natural laughter groups
Dezecache, G., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2012) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.07.002 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationPearce, E., Launay, J., van Duijn, M. J., Rotkirch, A., Dávid-Barrett, T., & Dunbar, R. (2016) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735616636208 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationSharing a joke: The effects of a similar sense of humor on affiliation and altruism
Curry, O. S., & Dunbar, R. (2012) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.11.003 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationHow conversations around campfires came to be
Dunbar, R. I. M. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1416382111 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationDo Birds of a Feather Flock Together?
Curry, O. S., & Dunbar, R. (2013) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-013-9174-z · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationDunbar, R. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545872.003.0002 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationPlaying with Strangers: Which Shared Traits Attract Us Most to New People?
Launay, J., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129688 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationEvolutionary Basis of the Social Brain
Dunbar, R. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195342161.013.0003 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationEvolutionary dynamics of group formation
Javarone, M. A., & Marinazzo, D. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187960 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Dunbar, R., & Gowlett, J. A. J. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199652594.003.0012 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Complexity of Jokes Is Limited by Cognitive Constraints on Mentalizing
Dunbar, R., Launay, J., & Curry, O. S. (2015) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-015-9251-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationGrooming and social cohesion in primates: a comment on Grueter et al.
Dunbar, R., & Lehmann, J. (2013) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.08.003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Costs of Being a High-latitude Hominin
Pearce, E., Shuttleworth, A., Grove, M., & Layton, R. H. (2014) · Lucy to Language · doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199652594.003.0016 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Does implied community size predict likeability of a similar stranger?
Launay, J., & Dunbar, R. (2014) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.08.005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationMesozoic complementary crust in the North Atlantic
Rohr, K. M. M., & Twigt, W. (1980) · Nature · doi:10.1038/283758a0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1998) · Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1998)6:5
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Bettridge, C.M. (2010). Reconstructing Australopithecine Socioecology : Strategic Modelling Based on Modern Primates. DPhil thesis, University of Oxford.
- Dunbar, R. I. M. (2014a). Human evolution. Harmondsworth: Pelican.
- Provine, R. R. (2000). Laughter: A scientific exploration. London: Viking.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Heart Rate Variability Synchronizes When Non-experts Vocalize Together
Ruiz-Blais, S., Orini, M., & Chew, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00762 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“It has also been proposed that vocalizing together offers an efficient way to create bonds, which was likely an important adaptive trait for our human ancestors (Dunbar, 2017).”
Background
- Authors
- Dunbar, R. I. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dunbar, R. I. M.
- Venue
- Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
- Published
- 2016-07-26
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 209-212
- ISSN
- 1069-9384 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-5320
- OpenAlex
- W2489225168
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 37.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychonomic Bulletin & Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Research Council (295663)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- group size, origin of language, speech evolution, hominin evolution, laughter, singing
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Humans, Language, Laughter, Hominidae, Singing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review