Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 281

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Genomic epidemiology of the Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreaks in Europe, 2011

Open access
Grad, Yonatan H., Lipsitch, Marc, Feldgarden, Michael, Arachchi, Harindra M., Cerqueira, Gustavo C., FitzGerald, Michael, Godfrey, Paul, Haas, Brian J., Murphy, Cheryl I., Russ, Carsten, Sykes, Sean, Walker, Bruce J., Wortman, Jennifer R., Young, Sarah, Zeng, Qiandong, Abouelleil, Amr, Bochicchio, James, Chauvin, Sara, DeSmet, Timothy, Gujja, Sharvari, McCowan, Caryn, Montmayeur, Anna, Steelman, Scott, Frimodt-Møller, Jakob, Petersen, Andreas M., Struve, Carsten, Krogfelt, Karen A., Bingen, Edouard, Weill, François-Xavier, Lander, Eric S., Nusbaum, Chad, Birren, Bruce W., Hung, Deborah T., Hanage, William P.·2012·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Abstract

The degree to which molecular epidemiology reveals information about the sources and transmission patterns of an outbreak depends on the resolution of the technology used and the samples studied. Isolates of Escherichia coli O104:H4 from the outbreak centered in Germany in May–July 2011, and the much smaller outbreak in southwest France in June 2011, were indistinguishable by standard tests. We report a molecular epidemiological analysis using multiplatform whole-genome sequencing and analysis of multiple isolates from the German and French outbreaks. Isolates from the German outbreak showed remarkably little diversity, with only two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found in isolates from four individuals. Surprisingly, we found much greater diversity (19 SNPs) in isolates from seven individuals infected in the French outbreak. The German isolates form a clade within the more diverse French outbreak strains. Moreover, five isolates derived from a single infected individual from the French outbreak had extremely limited diversity. The striking difference in diversity between the German and French outbreak samples is consistent with several hypotheses, including a bottleneck that purged diversity in the German isolates, variation in mutation rates in the two E. coli outbreak populations, or uneven distribution of diversity in the seed populations that led to each outbreak.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.1121491109

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 5 references

Cited by

See all 281

Metadata

Authors
Grad, Y. H., Lipsitch, M., Feldgarden, M., Arachchi, H. M., Cerqueira, G. C., FitzGerald, M., Godfrey, P., Haas, B. J., Murphy, C. I., Russ, C., Sykes, S., Walker, B. J., Wortman, J. R., Young, S., Zeng, Q., Abouelleil, A., Bochicchio, J., Chauvin, S., DeSmet, T., Gujja, S., McCowan, C., Montmayeur, A., Steelman, S., Frimodt-Møller, J., Petersen, A. M., Struve, C., Krogfelt, K. A., Bingen, E., Weill, F.-X., Lander, E. S., Nusbaum, C., Birren, B. W., Hung, D. T., & Hanage, W. P.
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Published
2012-02-06
Volume
109
Issue
8
Pages
3065-3070
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
OpenAlex
W2162767575
Cited by
281
References
5
FWCI
21.85
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
bronze

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Genomic epidemiology of the Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreaks in Europe, 2011. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1073/pnas.1121491109
The paper
Grad, Y. H., Lipsitch, M., Feldgarden, M., Arachchi, H. M., Cerqueira, G. C., FitzGerald, M., Godfrey, P., Haas, B. J., Murphy, C. I., Russ, C., Sykes, S., Walker, B. J., Wortman, J. R., Young, S., Zeng, Q., Abouelleil, A., Bochicchio, J., Chauvin, S., DeSmet, T., . . . Hanage, W. P. (2012). Genomic epidemiology of the Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreaks in Europe, 2011. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1121491109

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.