The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 24 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Tumor-specific IL-9–producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Our laboratory has identified a critical role of IL-9 in promoting endogenous tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response. In this study, we found that differentiation of CD8 + T cells under T helper 9-polarizing conditions induces the development of an IL-9–producing less cytolytic IL-9–skewed CD8 + T (Tc9) cell subset. Noticeably, adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive Tc9 cells elicited greater antitumor responses against large established tumors than classic type-I CD8 + cytotoxic T cells that are used in clinical protocols. Importantly, Tc9 cells have substantially enhanced persistence potential and possess the capacity to acquire/maintain effector function after transfer. Our results also revealed that Tc9-mediated therapeutic effect critically depended on IL-9 production in vivo. The ability of Tc9 cells to confer sustained antitumor responses might open an avenue for the advances of cancer immunotherapy.
Overview
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TL;DR
IL-9-skewed CD8+ Tc9 cells generated under Th9-polarizing conditions are less cytolytic in vitro than Tc1 cells but mediate superior antitumor responses against large established mouse tumors after adoptive transfer. Their efficacy depends critically on IL-9 production in vivo and is associated with greater persistence and conversion into IFN-γ- and granzyme-B-producing Tc1-like effector cells.
Key findings
- Tc9 cells showed diminished expression of Ifng, GrzB, Perforin, Eomes, and Tbx21, enhanced expression of Il9, Il2, Irf4, and Pu.1, and minimal specific cytolytic activity compared with OT-I Tc1 cells.
- In OT-I/B16-OVA melanoma, only Tc9 cells mediated significant regression of 10-day established tumors, resulting in complete cure and long-term survival; Tc1-treated mice relapsed 4 wk after infusion despite initial tumor shrinkage within the first 3 wk.
- Tc9 cells persisted better than Tc1 cells, had lower Annexin V+ apoptosis 4 d after transfer, were KLRG-1 low and IL-7Rα high, and developed more than twofold Tc1-like cells by day 7 and 25–30-fold by 3 wk compared with Tc1-transferred mice.
- In Pmel-1/B16 melanoma with cyclophosphamide, Tc9 cells mediated sustained antitumor responses while Tc1 cells induced only temporary regression followed by relapse; Tc9 transfer also produced autoimmune vitiligo 4 wk after transfer, not seen in Tc1-treated mice. IL-9 neutralization abrogated tumor rejection, whereas IFN-γ neutralization did not reach statistical significance.
Methods
- Naïve CD8+ T cells were primed under Th9-polarizing conditions to generate Tc9 cells and compared with IL-2-primed Tc1 cells.
- Adoptive transfer experiments used OT-I/B16-OVA, Pmel-1/B16, and MC38-gp100 mouse tumor models, with some mice receiving cyclophosphamide (250 mg/kg), dendritic cell vaccination, and four daily doses of rhIL-2.
- Main analyses included quantitative real-time PCR, ELISA, flow cytometry, CFSE dilution, Annexin V staining, in vitro cytotoxicity assays, and neutralizing antibodies against IL-9 or IFN-γ.
Limitations
- The paper does not state explicit limitations.
- Evident from the text: all therapeutic efficacy data are from mouse tumor models, with no human clinical testing reported.
- Evident from the text: Tc9 cells are less cytolytic in vitro and their cytokine profile is unstable after transfer, with IL-9 production decreasing and cells converting to IFN-γ-producing Tc1-like cells; the precise mechanism by which IL-9 promotes tumor infiltration is not fully resolved in this study.
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28 Own result · 19 Sources not found · 8 Own interpretation · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OT-I Tc1 cells showed strong cytotoxicity against tumor target cells, whereas OT-I Tc9 cells exhibited minimal specific cytolytic activity (Fig. 1C and SI Appendix, Fig. S1).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > IL-9-Producing Tc9 Cells Are Skewed Away from IFN-γ Production and
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“these Tc9 cells also produced some IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 after in vitro restimulation (Fig. 2A and SI Appendix, Fig. S2A).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Characterization of Tc9 Cytokine Expression Profiles.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“compared with Tc1 counterparts, the tumor-specific Tc9 cells expressed significantly higher levels of IL-7Rα, a prosurvival cytokine receptor”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Melanoma.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“IL-9 production from Tc9 cells was decreased over time after transfer, and these cells were converted to IFN-γ-producing Tc1like cells especially at day 14 after transfer (Fig. 2B).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Characterization of Tc9 Cytokine Expression Profiles.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Compared with cells before transfer, Tc1 cells continued to produce similar amounts of IFN-γ without other cytokines examined.”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Characterization of Tc9 Cytokine Expression Profiles.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tc9 cells had significantly down-regulated expression of the exhaustion markers, such as KLRG-1, PD-1, LAG3, and 2B4 (Fig. 4B)”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Melanoma.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This impaired Thy1.1 + CD8 + T-cell infiltration could also be demonstrated by the sharply decreased numbers of IFN-γ-producing and GrzB-producing Thy1.1 + CD8 + cells recovered from tumor sites (Fig. 6 B and C).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Therapeutic Effect of Tc9 Cells Critically Depends on IL-9.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in IL-9-neutralized mice, the number of tumor-infiltrating Thy1.1 + CD8 + T cells were substantially reduced compared with those in mice receiving isotype control or anti-IFN-γ antibodies.”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Therapeutic Effect of Tc9 Cells Critically Depends on IL-9.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results also revealed that Tc9-mediated therapeutic effect critically depended on IL-9 production in vivo.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The therapeutic effect of Tc9 cells depends specifically on IL-9 produced by the transferred Tc9 cells, rather than host-derived IL-9.
In the paper
“possibly, in part, owing to the extremely low surface expression of PD-1, a key T-cell exhaustion/inhibition pathway (35)”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ELISA results indicated that Tc1 cells maintained IFN-γ and TNF-α production in the spleens, but the production of these cytokines was significantly decreased in tumor tissues (Fig. 5F).”
- Also stated in: § Cyclophosphamide Synergizes with Pmel-1-Derived Tc9 Cells To · plain
“In contrast, Tc9 cells gained the ability to produce IFN-γ and TNF-α in vivo, and tumor-infiltrating Tc9 cells maintained the production of these cytokines compared with Tc9 cells in the spleens.”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Cyclophosphamide Synergizes with Pmel-1-Derived Tc9 Cells To
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cyclophosphamide Synergizes with Pmel-1-Derived Tc9 Cells To · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The expression of Eomes and Tbx21, the transcriptional master regulators that confer cytolytic lymphocyte lineage characteristics (18), were substantially suppressed in IL-9-skewed CD8 + T cells (Fig. 1B).”
- Also stated in: § IL-9-Producing Tc9 Cells Are Skewed Away from IFN-γ Production and · plain
“the expression of Irf4 and Pu.1, two transcription factors governing Th9-cell lineage development (19), was significantly up-regulated in Tc9 cells (Fig. 1B).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > IL-9-Producing Tc9 Cells Are Skewed Away from IFN-γ Production and
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § IL-9-Producing Tc9 Cells Are Skewed Away from IFN-γ Production and · plain
In the paper
“only Tc9 cells produced significant amounts of IL-9 and IL-2, which indicated a less differentiated phenotype of Tc9 cells (25).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Cyclophosphamide Synergizes with Pmel-1-Derived Tc9 Cells To
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [25]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“tumor-infiltrating Tc1 and Tc9 cells were similar in their ability to lyse target tumor cells, although splenic Tc1 cells had slightly higher cytotoxicity than Tc9 cells (Fig. 5G).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Cyclophosphamide Synergizes with Pmel-1-Derived Tc9 Cells To
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the development of autoimmune vitiligo was apparent 4 wk after transfer of Tc9 cells but was not observed in any of Tc1 celltreated mice (Fig. 5B).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Cyclophosphamide Synergizes with Pmel-1-Derived Tc9 Cells To
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“IL-9 neutralization did not impair the persistence of Tc9 cells or their ability to produce IFN-γ and GrzB (SI Appendix, Fig. S5).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Therapeutic Effect of Tc9 Cells Critically Depends on IL-9.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tc9 cells kept IL-10 production in vivo, whereas IL-4 and IL-17 secretion was reduced over time (Fig. 2B and SI Appendix, Fig. S2B).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Characterization of Tc9 Cytokine Expression Profiles.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tc9-cell transfer mediated sustained antitumor responses throughout the experiment, whereas Tc1 cells only induced temporary tumor regression, which was followed by relapse of aggressive tumor growth (Fig. 5A).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Cyclophosphamide Synergizes with Pmel-1-Derived Tc9 Cells To
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“tumor rejection was abrogated only by anti-IL-9 treatment, whereas neutralizing IFN-γ did not reach statistical significance compared with isotype control (Fig. 6A).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Therapeutic Effect of Tc9 Cells Critically Depends on IL-9.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The therapeutic effect of Tc9 cells depends specifically on IL-9 produced by the transferred Tc9 cells, rather than host-derived IL-9.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“anti-IFN-γ treatment only ablated the production of IFN-γ from transferred Tc9 cells, whereas the homing of cytolytic Tc9 cells to tumor tissues was not affected (Fig. 6 B and C).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Therapeutic Effect of Tc9 Cells Critically Depends on IL-9.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“IL-9-skewed CD8 + T cells demonstrated diminished mRNA expression of Ifng but enhanced expression of Il9 and Il2”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > IL-9-Producing Tc9 Cells Are Skewed Away from IFN-γ Production and
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“only Tc9 cells mediated a significant tumor regression resulting in a complete cure and long-term survival, whereas Tc1 cell-treated mice relapsed 4 wk after T-cell infusion despite the initial tumor shrinkage within the first 3 wk (Fig. 3A).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Melanoma.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OT-I Tc1 cells produced a large amount of IFN-γ, whereas Tc9 cells released a minimal amount of IFN-γ but secreted a large amount of IL-9 (Fig. 2A).”
- Also stated in: § Characterization of Tc9 Cytokine Expression Profiles. · plain
“production of IL-9, IL-4, IL-10, or IL-17 from Tc1 cells was undetectable”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Characterization of Tc9 Cytokine Expression Profiles.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Characterization of Tc9 Cytokine Expression Profiles. · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We enumerated significantly more GrzB-positive Tc9derived cells than those in Tc1-cell transferred mice (Fig. 4 E and F).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Melanoma.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tc9 cell-transferred mice had already developed more than twofold Tc1-like cells compared with those in Tc1 cell-transferred mice 7 d after the transfer and this ratio kept increasing over time (Fig. 4D).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Melanoma.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tc9 cells have substantially enhanced persistence potential and possess the capacity to acquire/maintain effector function after transfer.”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Significance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“we and others reported that Th9 cell-derived IL-9 not only inhibited tumor progression, but also promoted greater tumor clearance than Th1 cells that have traditionally been considered as the most efficient CD4 + T-cell subset to generate antitumor immunity (15)(16)(17).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > adoptive cell therapy | less-exhausted T cells | T-cell lineage plasticity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“host CTL responses may have contributed, but were not required, for the antitumor efficacy of Tc9 cells in vivo (SI Appendix, Fig. S7).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Therapeutic Effect of Tc9 Cells Critically Depends on IL-9.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results suggested that the persistence of Tc9 cells, which might be one of the key reasons for the rejection of established tumor after transfer, may be the result of a survival advantage or resistance to apoptosis rather than increased proliferation of the cells.”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Melanoma.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“these results thus far suggested that Tc9 cells may kill tumor cells independent of their secreted IFN-γ, possibly by using the cytolytic enzymes, and IL-9 provided critical help to their migration into tumor sites to exert effector function”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Therapeutic Effect of Tc9 Cells Critically Depends on IL-9.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The therapeutic effect of Tc9 cells depends specifically on IL-9 produced by the transferred Tc9 cells, rather than host-derived IL-9.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Tc1 has stronger therapeutic effect than Tc2 and regulatory CD8 + T cells (10).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > adoptive cell therapy | less-exhausted T cells | T-cell lineage plasticity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“two more recent studies demonstrating that Tc1 cells are superior to Tc17 cells in mediating tumor regression after transfer (11,12).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > adoptive cell therapy | less-exhausted T cells | T-cell lineage plasticity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Representative results from one of two performed experiments are shown.”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Cytokine priming signals direct CD8 + T cells to acquire unique profiles that affect their ability to mediate specific immune responses (7,8).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > adoptive cell therapy | less-exhausted T cells | T-cell lineage plasticity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [8]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“PD-1, a key T-cell exhaustion/inhibition pathway (35)”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“IL-17 and IL-17-producing T cells are tumor-promoting factors and can mediate IL-6-induced Stat3 activation to generate protumorigenic environment (13)”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > adoptive cell therapy | less-exhausted T cells | T-cell lineage plasticity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“ACT has met with only modest success in humans, possibly due to the fact that IL-2-induced T-bet high Tc1 cells display end-effector features and short lifespan (21).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“CD8 + T cells can acquire cytokine secreting phenotypes that require transcription factors similar to those of T helper (Th) cells (9).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > adoptive cell therapy | less-exhausted T cells | T-cell lineage plasticity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Tc1 cells secrete IFN-γ and kill tumor targets by releasing cytotoxic molecules such as GrzB and Perforin (9).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > adoptive cell therapy | less-exhausted T cells | T-cell lineage plasticity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“However, complete responses remain infrequent with most patients, and improvements to this approach are needed (2).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > adoptive cell therapy | less-exhausted T cells | T-cell lineage plasticity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“animal study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Cleveland Clinic Foundation.”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“tumor-derived factors could provide the necessary signals/conditions for effector T cells to become functionally exhausted in tumor microenvironment (33).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“IFN-γ, which is well established as a key factor linked to tumor rejection and is crucial for cytolytic function of CD8 + T cells (32).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“administration of naïve or early effector T cells in combination with active immunization and IL-2 can result in eradication of large established tumors (4).”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > adoptive cell therapy | less-exhausted T cells | T-cell lineage plasticity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“IL-2 can augment antigen-drive acquisition of CD8 + effector T-cell phenotype with cytolytic function”
§ Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8 + Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [27]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The mouse tumor models used are predictive of human adoptive cell therapy for cancers.
“These findings have clinical implications for the improvement of CD8 + T-cell-based adoptive immunotherapy of cancers.”
“The ability of tumor-reactive Tc9 cells to confer sustained antitumor responses against large established tumors might open an avenue to overcome the challenges encountered by current ACT protocols.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The conversion of Tc9 cells to IFN-γ-producing Tc1-like cells after transfer reflects lineage plasticity rather than selective outgrowth of a pre-existing Tc1-like subpopulation.
“the sufficient lineage plasticity of Tc9 cells allows these cells subsequently to differentiate into long-lasting IFN-γ-producing Tc1like effector cells upon transfer.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The therapeutic effect of Tc9 cells depends specifically on IL-9 produced by the transferred Tc9 cells, rather than host-derived IL-9.
“Our results also revealed that Tc9-mediated therapeutic effect critically depended on IL-9 production in vivo.”
“tumor rejection was abrogated only by anti-IL-9 treatment”
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cholesterol Induces CD8+ T Cell Exhaustion in the Tumor Microenvironment
Ma, X., Bi, E., Lu, Y., Su, P., Huang, C., Liu, L., Wang, Q., Yang, M., Kalady, M. F., Qian, J., et al. (2019) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.04.002 · Cited by 1,033
Self-citationZander, R., Schauder, D., Xin, G., Nguyen, C. P., Wu, X., Zajac, A. J., & Cui, W. (2019) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.10.009 · Cited by 660
“Previous reports have identified that adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with CD4+ T cells, can improve CD8+ T cell responses and enhance control over tumor progression (Lu et al. 2014; Muranski et al. 2008; Purwar et al. 2012; Vegran et al.”
BackgroundThe Roles of CD8+ T Cell Subsets in Antitumor Immunity
Paul, M. S., & Ohashi, P. S. (2020) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2020.06.003 · Cited by 635
The development and in vivo function of T helper 9 cells
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“In a mouse tumor model, transferred Tc9 cells acquired a Tc1 memory phenotype, indicating that memory formation was associated with the transition into Tc1 cells (Lu et al. 2014).”
InfluentialCD8 T-cell subsets: heterogeneity, functions, and therapeutic potential
Koh, C., Lee, S., Kwak, M., Kim, B., & Chung, Y. (2023) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-023-01105-x · Cited by 379
“In contrast to that of Tc2 cells, the adoptive transfer of Tc9 cells led to potent antitumor effects in animal models 79 .”
BackgroundResultIRF4 at the crossroads of effector T‐cell fate decision
Huber, M., & Lohoff, M. D. (2014) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201344279 · Cited by 231
TGF-β in T Cell Biology: Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy
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Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of allergen-specific T cells in allergy and asthma
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T lymphocyte subsets in cancer immunity: Friends or foes
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“Good elanoma [161, 164] H emato logica l Cance r [165 -170] Poor”
BackgroundLu, Y., Wang, Q., Xue, G., Bi, E., Ma, X., Wang, A., Qian, J., Dong, C., & Yi, Q. (2018) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2018.05.004 · Cited by 180
Self-citationCholesterol negatively regulates IL-9–producing CD8+ T cell differentiation and antitumor activity
Ma, X., Bi, E., Huang, C., Lu, Y., Xue, G., Guo, X., Wang, A., Yang, M., Qian, J., Dong, C., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20171576 · Cited by 167
“IL-9 has been reported to promote the progression of many tumors in mice (Renauld et al., 1994) and humans (Fischer et al., 2003), whereas we and others showed that neutralizing IL-9 by injecting IL-9 antibodies to melanoma-bearing mice promoted tumor growth (Lu et al., 2012, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationZhang, J.-L., Ramadan, A., Griesenauer, B., Li, W., Turner, M., Liu, C., Kapur, R., Hanenberg, H., Blazar, B., Tawara, I., et al. (2015) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aab0166 · Cited by 152
Engineered Cytokine Signaling to Improve CAR T Cell Effector Function
Bell, M. R., & Gottschalk, S. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.684642 · Cited by 164
“Similarly, Tc9 cells were found to be superior to Tc1 cells for adoptive cell transfer by differentiating into effector cells that can persist longer in vivo, resist exhaustion, and resist apoptosis, which allows them to better control tumor growth (59).”
BackgroundYan, D., Adeshakin, A. O., Xu, M., Afolabi, L. O., Zhang, G., Chen, Y. H., & Wan, X. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01399 · Cited by 159
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Self-citationT Cell Subsets in Graft Versus Host Disease and Graft Versus Tumor
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IL-9-producing T cells: potential players in allergy and cancer
Angkasekwinai, P., & Dong, C. (2020) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0396-0 · Cited by 130
Potentiating adoptive cell therapy using synthetic IL-9 receptors
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“A previous study demonstrated that IL-9-secreting CD8 Tc9 cells, which were differentiated ex vivo and then reintroduced into the body, exhibited better persistence and anti-tumor efficacy than Tc1 cells when used for adoptive cell therapy [155].”
Self-citationFueling Cancer Immunotherapy With Common Gamma Chain Cytokines
Dwyer, C. J., Knochelmann, H. M., Smith, A. S., Wyatt, M. M., Rivera, G. O. R., Arhontoulis, D. C., Bartee, E., Li, Z., Rubinstein, M. P., & Paulos, C. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00263 · Cited by 107
Ferroptosis and the tumor microenvironment
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“Discussion As one of the recently described CD8+ T cell subsets, Tc9 cells are generated by differentiating naive CD8+ T cells under Th9-polarizing medium and featured by IL-9 secretion (17, 42).”
InfluentialSelf-citationChakraborty, S., Kubatzky, K. F., & Mitra, D. K. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20092113 · Cited by 102
Ferroptosis and its interaction with tumor immune microenvironment in liver cancer
Huang, Y., Wang, S., Ke, A., & Guo, K. (2022) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188848 · Cited by 94
Self-citationIL-9 and IL-9-producing cells in tumor immunity
Wan, J., Wu, Y., Ji, X., Huang, L. J., Cai, W., Su, Z., Wang, S., & Xu, H. (2020) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-020-00538-5 · Cited by 88
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Self-citationNiccolai, E., Russo, E., Baldi, S., Ricci, F., Nannini, G., Pedone, M., Stingo, F. C., Taddei, A., Ringressi, M. N., Bechi, P., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.573158 · Cited by 79
Human Vδ2 T cells are a major source of interleukin-9
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“In murine models, IL-9–producing CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes are superior effector cells in adoptive cancer immunotherapy, due to their extended lifespan (44, 45).”
BackgroundMultifaceted Roles of Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Tumor Immunity
Matsuo, K., Yoshie, O., & Nakayama, T. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13236132 · Cited by 76
“Tc1, Tc2, and Tc22 cells produce high levels of perforin and granzyme and have high cytotoxic activity, while Tc9 and Tc17 produce low levels of cytotoxic molecules and have poor cytotoxic activity [35,36].”
BackgroundTh9 Cell Differentiation and Its Dual Effects in Tumor Development
Chen, T., Guo, J., Cai, Z., Li, B., Sun, L., Shen, Y., Wang, S., Wang, Z., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01026 · Cited by 76
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Self-citationFatty acid oxidation in immune function
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Dual Face of Vγ9Vδ2-T Cells in Tumor Immunology: Anti- versus Pro-Tumoral Activities
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TGF-β enhances the cytotoxic activity of Vδ2 T cells
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Reducing CD73 Expression by IL1β-Programmed Th17 Cells Improves Immunotherapeutic Control of Tumors
Chatterjee, S., Thyagarajan, K., Kesarwani, P., Song, J. H., Soloshchenko, M., Fu, J., Bailey, S. R., Vasu, C., Kraft, A. S., Paulos, C. M., et al. (2014) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1450 · Cited by 58
Specifically differentiated T cell subset promotes tumor immunity over fatal immunity
Ramadan, A. M., Griesenauer, B., Adom, D., Kapur, R., Hanenberg, H., Liu, C., Kaplan, M. H., & Paczesny, S. (2017) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20170041 · Cited by 57
“…that Th9 and Tc9 cells will behave like Th2 and Tc2 or T rapamycin in GVHD models while maintaining antileukemic activity in GVL models based on three studies showing that IL-9 and IL-9–producing T cells have potential as antitumoral therapies (Lu et al., 2012, 2014; Purwar et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSTAT Transcription Factors in T Cell Control of Health and Disease
Goswami, R., & Kaplan, M. H. (2016) · International review of cytology · doi:10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.09.012 · Cited by 52
Interleukin-9 Is Associated with Elevated Anti-Double-Stranded DNA Antibodies in Lupus-Prone Mice
Yang, J. Y., Li, Q., Yang, X., & Li, M. (2015) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2119/molmed.2014.00237 · Cited by 50
Hoelzinger, D. B., Dominguez, A. L., Cohen, P. A., & Gendler, S. J. (2014) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0836 · Cited by 49
“In addition, in vitro polarized OT-1 CD8þ T cells (Tc9), adoptively transferred to B16-OVA tumorbearing mice, led to tumor clearance (22).”
Targeting the IL-9 pathway in cancer immunotherapy
Zheng, N., & Lu, Y. (2020) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2019.1710413 · Cited by 50
Self-citationType-2 CD8+ T-cell formation relies on interleukin-33 and is linked to asthma exacerbations
van der Ploeg, E. K., Krabbendam, L., Vroman, H. H., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40820-x · Cited by 46
“Such studies could have broader implications, since Tc2 cell activity has been implicated in various other diseases, including psoriasis, fi brosis, and cancer 43,55,56 .”
IL6 Induces an IL22+ CD8+ T-cell Subset with Potent Antitumor Function
Paul, M. S., Saibil, S. D., Lien, S. C., Han, S., Sayad, A., Mulder, D. T., Garcia-Batres, C. R., Elford, A. R., Israni-Winger, K., Robert-Tissot, C., et al. (2020) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0521 · Cited by 44
“Studies have identified IFNg-producing Tc1s, IL4þ Tc2s (2–5), IL9þ Tc9s (6, 7), and IL17þ Tc17s (8–12).”
ResultTumor microenvironment metabolites directing T cell differentiation and function
Liu, X., Hoft, D. F., & Peng, G. (2021) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2021.12.004 · Cited by 45
The Inducible Costimulator Augments Tc17 Cell Responses to Self and Tumor Tissue
Nelson, M. H., Kundimi, S., Bowers, J. S., Rogers, C. E., Huff, L. W., Schwartz, K. M., Thyagarajan, K., Little, E. C., Mehrotra, S., Cole, D. J., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1401082 · Cited by 43
“This finding was unexpected because IL-9 was reported to augment Tc9 cell–mediated antitumor immunity (40, 41).”
BackgroundJi, Y., Abrams, N., Zhu, W., Salinas, E., Yu, Z., Palmer, D. C., Jailwala, P., Franco, Z., Roychoudhuri, R., Stahlberg, E. A., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096650 · Cited by 42
Targeting cholesterol metabolism in Cancer: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic implications
Lu, J., Chen, S., Bai, X., Liao, M., Qiu, Y., Zheng, L., & Yu, H. (2023) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115907 · Cited by 44
Lipid peroxidation of immune cells in cancer
Xiao, L., Xian, M., Zhang, C., Guo, Q., & Yi, Q. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1322746 · Cited by 47
Self-citationPIM-2 protein kinase negatively regulates T cell responses in transplantation and tumor immunity
Daenthanasanmak, A., Wu, Y., Iamsawat, S., Nguyen, H. D., Bastian, D. A., Zhang, M.-M., Sofi, M. H., Chatterjee, S., Hill, E. G., Mehrotra, S., et al. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci95407 · Cited by 41
“org ingly shown to possess antitumor activity (39, 40).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPajulas, A., Zhang, J., & Kaplan, M. H. (2023) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2300094 · Cited by 40
Robeck, T. R., Steinman, K. J., & O’Brien, J. K. (2016) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.07.010 · Cited by 36
Parrot, T., Allard, M., Oger, R., Benlalam, H., de la Blétière, D. R., Coutolleau, A., Preisser, L., Desfrançois, J., Khammari, A., Dréno, B., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201546061 · Cited by 38
IL-33 drives the antitumor effects of dendritic cells via the induction of Tc9 cells
Liu, N., Jiang, Y., Chen, J., Nan, H., Zhao, Y., Chu, X., Wang, A., Wang, D., Qin, T., Gao, S., et al. (2018) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-018-0166-0 · Cited by 35
Self-citationA conserved enhancer regulates Il9 expression in multiple lineages
Koh, B., Qayum, A. A., Srivastava, R., Fu, Y., Ulrich, B. J., Janga, S. C., & Kaplan, M. H. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07202-0 · Cited by 35
Crosstalk between the Producers and Immune Targets of IL-9
Do-Thi, V. A., Lee, J., Lee, H., & Kim, Y. S. (2020) · Immune Network · doi:10.4110/in.2020.20.e45 · Cited by 37
“Vγ9Vδ2 T cells secreted large amount of IL-9 after in vitro stimulation with a combination of phosphoantigen (bromohydrin pyrophosphate, BrHPP), IL-2, TGF-β and IL-15 (94) (Fig.”
BackgroundInfluentialTherapeutic potential of interleukin-21 in cancer
Isvoranu, G., & Chiritoiu‐Butnaru, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369743 · Cited by 36
Glycosylation profiles determine extravasation and disease-targeting properties of armed antibodies
Venetz, D., Hess, C., Lin, C., Aebi, M., & Neri, D. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1416694112 · Cited by 33
“Results and Discussion We focused our attention on IL9 as a therapeutic payload, based on reports on its potent T-cell–mediated antitumor activities (16, 17).”
BackgroundRampal, R., Wari, M. N., Singh, A. K., Das, U., Bopanna, S., Gupta, V., Nayak, B., Velapandian, T., Kedia, S., Kumar, D., et al. (2020) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izaa121 · Cited by 32
Ferroptosis of T cell in inflammation and tumour immunity
Xia, X., Wu, H., Chen, Y., Peng, H., & Wang, S. (2025) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/ctm2.70253 · Cited by 34
Self-citationQu, Q.-X., Zhu, X.-Y., Du, W.-W., Wang, H.-B., Shen, Y., Zhu, Y.-B., & Chen, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00577 · Cited by 30
“Cytotoxicity Assay As reported previously for similar cytotoxic assays (20, 21), 3LL cells were incubated for 15min at 37C with 5μM CFSE in PBS (CFSEhi 3LL), whereas ID8 reference cells were labeled with 0.”
MethodA reappraisal of IL-9 in inflammation and cancer
Bick, F., Blanchetot, C., Lambrecht, B. N., & Schuijs, M. J. (2024) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.10.003 · Cited by 36
Huber, M., & Lohoff, M. D. (2015) · Allergo Journal International · doi:10.1007/s40629-015-0038-4 · Cited by 29
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Self-citationTan, S., Shan, Y., Wang, Y., Lin, Y., Liao, S., Deng, Z., Zhou, L., Cai, W., Zeng, Q., Zhang, L., et al. (2017) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20170984 · Cited by 30
Self-citationTumor rejection in Cblb −/− mice depends on IL-9 and Th9 cells
Schanz, O., Cornez, I., Yajnanarayana, S. P., David, F. S., Peer, S., Gruber, T., Krawitz, P. M., Brossart, P., Heine, A., Landsberg, J., et al. (2021) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2021-002889 · Cited by 28
Shen, L., Xiao, Y., Tian, J., & Lu, Z. (2022) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2022.01.006 · Cited by 31
Karaboğa, İ., Demirtaş, S., & Karaca, T. (2017) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22038/ijbms.2017.9108 · Cited by 27
“CD8+ T cell subpopulation plays an important role in the immunogenicity of intracellular pathogens and tumors (36, 37).”
BackgroundHost dysbiosis negatively impacts IL-9-producing T-cell differentiation and antitumour immunity
Almeida, R. R., Vieira, R. D. S., Castoldi, Â., Terra, F. F., de Melo, A. C. L., Canesso, M. C. C., Lemos, L., Cipelli, M., Rana, N., Hiyane, M. I., et al. (2020) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-020-0915-6 · Cited by 27
“We believe that low expression of IL-4 and TGF-β in dysbiotic animals may have contributed to the defective Th9 and Tc9 differentiation, as these cytokines have a central role in the differentiation of IL-9-producing T cells.(24,28,29) As previously observed,(18,19) dysbiotic mice were more susceptible to tumour devel…”
BackgroundInterleukin-9 Inhibits Lung Metastasis of Melanoma through Stimulating Anti-Tumor M1 Macrophages.
Park, S. M., Do-Thi, V. A., Lee, J., Lee, H., & Kim, Y. S. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.14348/molcells.2020.0047 · Cited by 25
“Since the IL-9 inducing CTL behaved differently compared to the conventional CTL, the new term, Tc9, was introduced to describe them (Lu et al., 2012; 2014a; 2014b).”
BackgroundResultCXCR5+CD8+ T Cells: A Review of Their Antibody Regulatory Functions and Clinical Correlations
Elzein, S. M., Zimmerer, J. M., Han, J. L., Ringwald, B. A., & Bumgardner, G. L. (2021) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2100082 · Cited by 26
Gang, H., Peng, D., Hu, Y., Tang, S., Li, S., & Huang, Q. (2020) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/apm.13094 · Cited by 25
Lipids for CD8+ TILs: Beneficial or harmful?
Wu, D., & Chen, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020422 · Cited by 24
Li, Y., Yu, Q., Zhang, Z., Wang, J., Li, S., Zhang, J., & Liu, G. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.11681 · Cited by 23
“Moreover, tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8+Tc9 cells also exert potent anti-tumor effects [89].”
BackgroundThe Role of Interleukin-9 in Cancer
Lee, J. E., Zhu, Z., Bai, Q., Brady, T. M., Xiao, H., Wakefield, M. R., & Fang, Y. (2019) · Pathology & Oncology Research · doi:10.1007/s12253-019-00665-6 · Cited by 24
Castelli, S., Wilson, W. V., Uslu, U., Finck, A., Rommel, P. C., Assenmacher, C., Atoche, S. J., Siurala, M., Aznar, M. A., Young, R. M., et al. (2025) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2025.10.021 · Cited by 21
Lipid metabolism in tumor-infiltrating T cells: mechanisms and applications
Ke, X., Zou, M.-W., & Xu, C. (2022) · Life Metabolism · doi:10.1093/lifemeta/loac038 · Cited by 21
Zareinejad, M., Mehdipour, F., Zamir, M. R., Faghih, Z. S., & Ghaderi, A. A. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15194771 · Cited by 22
“In addition, it recruits leukocytes, i.e., DCs, into tumor tissues, increases their survival, and enhances antigen-presentation in draining lymph nodes [105,110].”
BackgroundCD8+ T Cell Phenotype and Function in Childhood and Adult-Onset Connective Tissue Disease
Radziszewska, A., Moulder, Z., Jury, E. C., & Ciurtin, C. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231911431 · Cited by 20
IL-9 and Th9 Cells in Tumor Immunity
He, Y., Lin, D., Cao, Y., Bi, Y., & Liu, G. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38315-2_3 · Cited by 21
Interleukin (IL)-9 Supports the Tumor-Promoting Environment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Patrussi, L., Capitani, N., & Baldari, C. T. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13246301 · Cited by 17
“Th9 cell-derived IL-9 and IL-21 further enhance the ability of CTL and NKT cells to secrete IFN-γ, thereby promoting tumor cell killing [63].”
BackgroundInfluentialZhang, Q., Yang, L., Liu, S., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.645835 · Cited by 18
“In contrast, antigen-specific Th9 cells were effective in eliciting anti-tumor immune responses and suppressing tumor growth in several different solid malignancies (33, 34).”
BackgroundSelf-citationChen, L., Wang, Y., Hu, Q., Liu, Y., Qi, X., Tang, Z., Hu, H., Lin, N., Zeng, S., & Yu, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1225948 · Cited by 18
Ferroptosis: A Targetable Vulnerability for Melanoma Treatment
Yu, M., Zhou, Q., Dian, Y., Zeng, F., Deng, G., & Chen, X. (2025) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2024.11.007 · Cited by 19
Do-Thi, V. A., Park, S. M., Lee, H., & Kim, Y. S. (2018) · Immune Network · doi:10.4110/in.2018.18.e12 · Cited by 18
“Several reports have described the antitumor effect of IL-9 (11-18).”
BackgroundAnticancer Tc9 cells: Long-lived tumor-killing T cells for adoptive therapy
Lu, Y., Wang, Q., & Yi, Q. (2014) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.4161/onci.28542 · Cited by 16
Self-citationDing, P., Zhu, R., Cai, B., Zhang, J., Bu, Q., & Sun, D. (2019) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105576 · Cited by 16
Loss of YTHDF2 enhances Th9 programming and CAR-Th9 cell antitumor efficacy
Xiao, S. J., Duan, S., Ya-qun, H., Zhang, J., Ma, S., Caligiuri, M. A., & Yu, J. (2025) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-025-02235-2 · Cited by 14
Expression of a Chimeric Antigen Receptor in Multiple Leukocyte Lineages in Transgenic Mice
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The Dichotomy of Interleukin-9 Function in the Tumor Microenvironment
Cannon, A., Pajulas, A., Kaplan, M. H., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research · doi:10.1089/jir.2023.0035 · Cited by 14
“The direct killing effect of Tc9 cells has also been examined in B16 melanoma (Liu et al., 2019; Lu et al., 2014).”
Wang, W., Cheng, Z., Chen, Y., & Lin, Y.-H. (2016) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3870 · Cited by 12
“It has been demonstrated that tumor‐specific Tc9 cells may elicit antitumor responses dependent on IL-9 production (13).”
Lv, S., Guo, Q., He, Y., Yu, Z., Zhan, X., Li, H., & Pan, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1459967 · Cited by 11
Self-citationTargeting γc family cytokines with biologics: current status and future prospects
Bick, F., Blanchetot, C., Lambrecht, B. N., & Schuijs, M. J. (2025) · mAbs · doi:10.1080/19420862.2025.2468312 · Cited by 13
IL-24 is the key effector of Th9 cell-mediated tumor immunotherapy
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Self-citationTTK inhibitor OSU13 promotes immunotherapy responses by activating tumor STING
Bharti, V., Kumar, A., Wang, Y., Roychowdhury, N., Bellan, D. D. L., Kassaye, B. B., Watkins, R., Capece, M., Chung, C. G., Hilinski, G., et al. (2024) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.177523 · Cited by 12
“It is reported to have a direct inhibitory effect on tumor cell proliferation and metastasis and a tumor-extrinsic activity via promoting innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy response (33-36).”
Dectin-1 stimulates IL-33 expression in dendritic cells via upregulation of IRF4
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Self-citationImmune features of the peritumoral stroma in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Ahmed, A., Klotz, R., Köhler, S., Giese, N. A., Hackert, T., Springfeld, C., Jäger, D., & Halama, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.947407 · Cited by 10
IL-9 Signaling Pathway: An Update
Roy, D. N., & Goswami, R. (2017) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6877-0_3 · Cited by 10
Liu, C., Lin, B., Wu, M., et al. (2022) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13473 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Lu, Y., Hong, B., Li, H., Zheng, Y., Zhang, M., Wang, S., Qian, J., & Yi, Q.
- Affiliations
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Jilin University (CN)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2014-01-27
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2265-2270
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3926063
- OpenAlex
- W2075253497
- Semantic Scholar
- b23e5e7210f5e3c87dfe955508ea4e51888215ee
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9
- FWCI
- 4.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation
- Leukemia and Lymphoma Society
- Cleveland Clinic
- National Cancer Institute (P50 CA142509, R01CA138398, R01 CA138402, R01 CA138398, R01 CA163881, R01CA163881, CA142509, R01CA138402)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Keywords
- IL-9, CD8+ T cells, Tc1 cells, adoptive T cell therapy, antitumor immunity, melanoma, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, granzyme B, interferon-gamma, IL-7 receptor alpha, KLRG1, T cell self-renewal, tumor-specific T cells
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Cyclophosphamide, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Interferon-gamma, Melanoma, Experimental, Cytokines, Immunotherapy, Adoptive, Interleukin-9, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Mice
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