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Long-term effects of marijuana use on the brain
Open accessAbstract
Significance: The existing literature on the long-term effects of marijuana on the brain provides an inconsistent picture (i.e., presence or absence of structural changes) due to methodological differences across studies. We overcame these methodological issues by collecting multimodal measures in a large group of chronic marijuana using adults with a wide age range that allows for characterization of changes across lifespan without developmental or maturational biases as in other studies. Our findings suggest that chronic marijuana use is associated with complex neuroadaptive processes and that onset and duration of use have unique effects on these processes.
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“higher FA has been observed following regular initial marijuana use, but FA then decreases with extended use (Filbey et al., 2014).”
From Substance abuse and white matter: Findings, limitations, and future of diffusion tensor imaging research (2019) · cites this paper as Filbey et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“The relationship between RD and cannabis use is similarly mixed, with studies finding higher (Ashtari et al., 2009; Becker, Collins, Lim, Muetzel, & Luciana, 2015; Jakabek et al., 2016), lower (Filbey et al., 2014; Jakabek et al., 2016), or nonsignificant (Shollenbarger et al., 2015) differences in cannabis users relative to controls.”
From Substance abuse and white matter: Findings, limitations, and future of diffusion tensor imaging research (2019) · cites this paper as Filbey et al., 2014
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A multimodal investigation of cerebellar integrity associated with high‐risk cannabis use
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“Long-term exposure has been related to reduced OFC volume and to increased resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the OFC network [43].”
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“It expands on an earlier report using a subset of this sample (N=61; Crane et al., 2018), in which we examined a Win-Loss contrast in another reward task, the Gambling Reward task (Forbes et al., 2006).”
BackgroundReciprocal Influences of HIV and Cannabinoids on the Brain and Cognitive Function
Towe, S. L., Meade, C. S., Cloak, C. C., Bell, R. P., Baptiste, J., & Chang, L. (2020) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-020-09921-y · Cited by 18
“In contrast, despite similar behavioral performance, cannabis users showed greater neural activation than non-users in cognitive control and reward-based tasks (Filbey et al. 2014; Manza et al. 2018), as well as a working memory task (Chang and Chronicle 2007).”
ResultLuciana, M. M., & Ewing, S. W. F. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.005 · Cited by 22
“2015a Feldstein Ewing SW, Filbey FM, Loughran TA, Chassin L, Piquero AR.”
InfluentialResting-State Directional Connectivity and Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Adult Cannabis Users
Ma, L., Hettema, J. M., Cousijn, J., Bjork, J. M., Steinberg, J. L., Keyser‐Marcus, L., Woisard, K., Lu, Q., Roberson‐Nay, R., Abbate, A., et al. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.09.015 · Cited by 17
Sluggish cognitive tempo and impairment: the role of lifestyle factors
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Orbitofrontal cortex connectivity as a mechanism of adolescent behavior change
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Self-citationInteraction Between Smoking and Internet Gaming Disorder on Spontaneous Brain Activity
Qiu, X., Han, X., Wang, Y., Ding, W., Sun, Y., Zhou, Y., Lei, H. C., & Lin, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.586114 · Cited by 16
“Increased functional connectivity of OFC was also observed in cannabis users (55).”
BackgroundHigh times: The effect of medical marijuana laws on student time use
Chu, Y. L., & Gershenson, S. (2018) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2018.08.003 · Cited by 16
“…recent studies utilize magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to show brain abnormalities among marijuana users (Price et al. 2015; Wesley, Hanlon, and Porrino 2011; Batalla et al. 2014; Vaidya et al. 2012; Gilman et al. 2014; Raver, Haughwout, and Keller 2013; Filbey et al. 2014; Bolla et al. 2005).”
The Role of the Cerebellum in Drug Reward: A Review
Wang, Y., & Yan, L. (2023) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/j.jin2206147 · Cited by 15
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Camchong, J., Collins, P. F., Becker, M. P., Lim, K. O., & Luciana, M. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00514 · Cited by 15
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“Moreover, greater duration of CU and higher cumulative cannabis exposure is associated with smaller volumes and thinner cortices in temporal and frontal regions of chronic CU adults who started using in early adolescence (15, 19, 20, 27).”
BackgroundAddiction: Informing drug abuse interventions with brain networks
Steele, V. R., Ding, X., & Ross, T. J. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813838-0.00006-6 · Cited by 14
Altered cerebellar-cortical resting-state functional connectivity in cannabis users
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“Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) investigations have often found increases in cortical connectivity (Cheng et al., 2014; Filbey et al., 2014; Pujol et al., 2014; Vergara et al., 2018), and altered connectivity within the cerebellum of CB users (Cheng et al., 2014) and in response to…”
BackgroundSullivan, R. M., Wallace, A. L., Wade, N. E., Swartz, A. M., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10020117 · Cited by 13
“, cortical thickness and volume) has shown differences between cannabis users and non-users in several areas, including, the hippocampus [15,16], prefrontal cortex [17], right amygdala [18,19], right fusiform [20], orbitofrontal cortex [21,22], inferior parietal cortex [21], anterior cingulate [23,24], precentral gyru…”
BackgroundMicrostructural brain abnormalities in HIV+ individuals with or without chronic marijuana use
Wang, H. A., Liang, H.-J., Ernst, T., Oishi, K., & Chang, L. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-01910-5 · Cited by 13
Gruber, S. A. (2015) · International Journal of Neurology and Neurotherapy · doi:10.23937/2378-3001/2/2/1032 · Cited by 13
“Contrary to popular belief, recreational marijuana use has been reported to be associated with a myriad of cognitive impairments [2–4] and alterations in brain structure [5–10] and function [11–14].”
BackgroundQiu, Y., Lv, X., Jiang, G., Su, H., Ma, X., Tian, J., & Zhuo, F. (2016) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-016-9628-0 · Cited by 13
“Studies have demonstrated that addicts have lower gray matter volume/density (Alia-Klein et al. 2011; Filbey et al. 2014; Gallinat et al. 2006; Qiu et al. 2013) and lower cortical thickness (Makris et al. 2008) in the DLPFC and lOFC compared with control subjects, which may be attributed to neural…”
BackgroundFilbey, F. M., Beaton, D., & Prashad, S. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110183 · Cited by 13
“, prolonged cannabis exposure, stress) [21] [22] factors appear to disrupt response to rewards [23].”
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Yoo, H. B., Moya, B. E., & Filbey, F. M. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25036 · Cited by 12
“Participants were recruited from a study of neural mechanisms related to cannabis craving described in Filbey et al. (2014) and Filbey et al. (2016).”
MethodSelf-citationPacheco‐Colón, I., Lopez‐Quintero, C., Coxe, S. J., Limia, J. M., Pulido, W. J., Granja, K., Paula, D. C., González, I., Ross, J. M., Duperrouzel, J. C., et al. (2021) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15626 · Cited by 12
Cortical Thickness in Alcohol Dependent Patients With Apathy
Yang, K., Yang, Q., Niu, Y., Fan, F., Chen, S., Luο, X., Tan, S., Wang, Z., Tong, J., Yang, F., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00364 · Cited by 12
“As sex differences in the etiological processes or consequences of alcohol misuse have been demonstrated in numerous studies (44, 45).”
BackgroundPrashad, S., Hammonds, R., Wiese, A. L., Milligan, A. L., & Filbey, F. M. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107931 · Cited by 11
Self-citationAltered brain structural and functional connectivity in cannabis users
Soleimani, N., Kazemi, K., Helfroush, M. S., & Aarabi, A. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-32521-8 · Cited by 14
“functional networks in cannabis users and healthy non-users, (2) no significant differences in global network measures between the groups, (3) significant decreases and increases in local integration and segregation of the structural/functional networks, respectively, in cannabis users compared to healthy controls, an…”
ResultCannabis, alcohol use, psychological distress, and decision-making style
Phillips, J. G., & Ogeil, R. P. (2016) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2016.1255311 · Cited by 11
“Reduced orbitofrontal gyri volumes and reduced functional connectivity between temporal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex have been associated with greater cannabis-related problems in chronic cannabis users (Filbey et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDiscriminability of personality profiles in isolated and Co-morbid marijuana and nicotine users
Ketcherside, A., Jeon‐Slaughter, H., Baine, J., & Filbey, F. M. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.024 · Cited by 9
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“[5, 24] were able to account for differences in education level and duration of smoking by using them as covariates in neuroimaging analysis.”
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“Interestingly, in light of ongoing questions surrounding the impact of marijuana on the developing brain (Filbey et al., 2014; Gilman et al., 2014; Weiland et al., 2015), marijuana use”
Xie, H., Zhang, F., Cao, Y., Long, X., Wu, B., Gong, Q., & Jia, Z. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2022.00067 · Cited by 9
Wilson, A. D., Gicas, K. M., Stevens, W. D., Sergio, L. E., & Wojtowicz, M. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253261 · Cited by 9
“, the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, orbital frontal cortex; OFC, anterior and posterior cingulate cortices, and inferior parietal lobule) have been associated with both risky substance use [8,9] and mental health disorders [10,11].”
BackgroundIncreased White Matter Coherence Following Three and Six Months of Medical Cannabis Treatment
Dahlgren, M. K., Gönenç, A., Sagar, K. A., Smith, R. T., Lambros, A. M., El-Abboud, C., & Gruber, S. A. (2022) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2022.0097 · Cited by 9
“Further, Filbey et al demonstrated that FA may increase with initial onset of recreational cannabis use but decrease with long-term use.(57) However, in the current study, increased FA and decreased MD were observed following 6 months of MC use, indicating longitudinal outcomes in MC patients may differ from recreatio…”
BackgroundReyes-Cuapio, E., Coronado-Álvarez, A., Quiroga, C., Alcaraz-Silva, J., Ruíz-Ruíz, J. C., Imperatori, C., & Murillo‐Rodríguez, E. (2021) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174463 · Cited by 8
Murdoch, D. M., Barfield, R., Chan, C. C. W., Towe, S. L., Bell, R. P., Volkheimer, A. D., Choe, J. E., Hall, S. A., Berger, M., Xie, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-022-01102-2 · Cited by 8
“Furthermore, marijuana use has been associated with increased connectivity between multiple brain regions (Cheng et al. 2014; Filbey et al. 2014; Osuch et al. 2016; Hall et al. 2021), which has been related to worse cognition (Manza et al.”
BackgroundMarijuana use associated with worse verbal learning and delayed recall in a sample of young adults
Laspada, N., Delker, E., Blanco, E., Encina, P., Caballero, G., Delva, J., Burrows, R. A., Lozoff, B., & Gahagan, S. (2019) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872019000200206 · Cited by 8
“Limitations of previous studies included small sample size (4-6, 8) and varying definitions of marijuana use.”
Wismüller, A., Vosoughi, A., & Kasturi, A. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121616 · Cited by 7
Chen, D., Wang, X., Huang, T., & Jia, J. (2022) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16090 · Cited by 7
Motivation to use cannabis among young adults at a University in Botswana
Kgatitswe, B. M., & Amone‐P’Olak, K. (2017) · African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies · Cited by 7
Cannabis-Induced Anxiety Disorder in the Emergency Department
Keung, M. Y., Leach, E., Kreuser, K., Emmerich, B., Ilko, S., Singh, M. F., Sapp, T., Barnes, M., Ouellette, L., & Jones, J. S. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.38158 · Cited by 7
“The neuropsychiatric toxicity of cannabis is also affected by age, comorbidities, dose, and type of cannabinoids ingested, duration of use, as well as associated use of other illicit substances [2-4, 15].”
BackgroundCyr, M., Tau, G. Z., Fontaine, M., LEVIN, F. R., & Marsh, R. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.09.436 · Cited by 7
“The repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of stimulus indicating that all participants responded faster to congruent compared to incongruent stimuli (F(1,58)=98.”
BackgroundMaleki, S., Hendrikse, J., Richardson, K., Segrave, R. A., Hughes, S., Kayayan, E., Oldham, S., Syeda, W., Coxon, J., Caeyenberghs, K., et al. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03150-0 · Cited by 8
“Previous diffusion MRI studies have identi fi ed heterogeneous alterations in fractional anisotropy (FA; a measure of WM integrity) across the corpus callosum [15 – 17], frontal regions [6, 16], cingulum [18, 19], and cerebellum [20].”
BackgroundCong, Z., Fu, Y., Chen, N., Zhang, L., Yao, C., Wang, Y., Yao, Z., & Hu, B. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109595 · Cited by 6
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“Cannabis use during neurodevelopment is complex, with variables such as age of regular use [59] and duration of cannabis use [60] being important predictors of health outcomes.”
BackgroundUnlocking the age-old secrets of reward and substance use
Liu, C., & Filbey, F. M. (2024) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173766 · Cited by 7
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Health considerations in regulating marijuana in Vermont
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“Some studies suggest that cannabis use contributes to attention, memory and learning impairments, and even the development of temporary psychosis (Batalla et al., 2013; Filbey et al., 2014; Goldschmidt, Day, & Richardson, 2000; Volkow et al., 2016).”
BackgroundUna visión global de la discapacidad en México
Cordero, R. Á., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Facultad de Medicina, U., Valencia, J. A. A., Sánchez, R. A., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Facultad de Medicina, U. D. D. C., Serrano, C. C., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Facultad de Medicina, U., Anda-Juárez, M. D., y Wiechers, C. D. D. L. D. D. J., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Facultad de Medicina, U., et al. (2016) · Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Secretaría de Desarrollo Institucional, Seminario sobre Medicina y Salud eBooks · doi:10.22201/sdi.9786070287442p.2016 · Cited by 5
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Boeri, M. W., Pereira, E., Minkova, A., Marcato, K., Martinez, E., & Woodall, D. R. (2020) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/soin.12359 · Cited by 5
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“…(CDC, 2018; Hall & Degenhardt, 2009; NIDA, 2018) and mental health (CDC, 2018; Hall & Degenhardt, 2009; NIDA, 2018; Shrivastava et al., 2011) and cognitive development and function (CDC, 2018; Filbey et al., 2014; Hall & Degenhardt, 2009; Meier et al., 2012; NIDA, 2018; Shrivastava et al., 2011).”
Associations of alcohol use, HIV infection, and age with brain white matter microstructure
Monnig, M. A., Gullett, J. M., Porges, E. C., Woods, A. J., Monti, P. M., Tashima, K. T., Jahanshad, N., Thompson, P. M., Nir, T. M., & Cohen, R. A. (2021) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-021-01021-8 · Cited by 5
“Sex, smoking status, and marijuana status were included as control variables in this analysis due to white matter effects reported previously (Filbey et al. 2014; Inano et al. 2011; Liang et al. 2018; Orr et al. 2016).”
MethodIntersection between social inequality and emotion regulation on emerging adult cannabis use
Ewing, S. W. F., Karalunas, S. L., Kenyon, E. A., Yang, M., Hudson, K. A., & Filbey, F. M. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports · doi:10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100050 · Cited by 6
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“The age of drug use onset and corresponding stage of brain development may mediate neurophysiological and neuropsychological vulnerability to harm [32,33].”
Analisis Naratif Kebijakan: Kebijakan Ganja Medis di Indonesia
Asmoro, W., & Samputra, P. L. (2021) · Matra Pembaruan · doi:10.21787/mp.5.1.2021.13-24 · Cited by 5
Hammond, C. J. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.02.008 · Cited by 5
Cannabis use disorder contributes to cognitive dysfunction in Veterans with traumatic brain injury
Esmaeili, A., Dismuke‐Greer, C. E., Pogoda, T. K., Amuan, M. E., Garcia, C., Negro, A. D., Myers, M., Kennedy, E., Cifu, D. X., & Pugh, M. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1261249 · Cited by 5
Recent Marijuana Use Among Young Adults, 2015–2018, USA
Vidourek, R. A., Yockey, R. A., King, K. A., & Oliver, A. P. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00566-3 · Cited by 4
Role of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in addiction disorders
Iqbal, J., Mansour, M. N. M., Saboor, H. A., Suyambu, J., Lak, M. A., Zeeshan, M. H., Hafeez, M. H., Arain, M. A., Mehmood, M., Mehmood, D., et al. (2023) · Surgical Neurology International · doi:10.25259/sni_662_2023 · Cited by 4
“[30] e intricacy of cannabis’ effect on white matter architecture is highlighted by this data, which suggests that the quantity and frequency of usage may be important considerations.”
BackgroundThe Harm of Cannabis in Adolescents
Abdel‐Salam, O. M. E. (2019) · Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal · doi:10.13005/bpj/1667 · Cited by 4
Yeh, C., Levar, N., Broos, H. C., Dechert, A., Potter, K. W., Evins, A. E., & Gilman, J. M. (2019) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.111017 · Cited by 4
“Therefore, the risks and benefits of medical MJ use should be carefully weighed in light of available evidence suggesting that whole plant marijuana may increase the risk for psychosis and substance use disorders (Filbey et al., 2014).”
BackgroundGanesh, S., Vidya, K. L., Rashid, A., Singh, J., & D’Souza, D. C. (2018) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-018-0233-8 · Cited by 4
Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
Delvecchio, G., Oldani, L., Mandolini, G. M., Pigoni, A., Ciappolino, V., Schiena, G., Lazzaretti, M., Caletti, E., Barbieri, V., Cinnante, C. M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/60881-v · Cited by 4
High times: The effect of medical marijuana laws on student time use
Chu, Y. L., & Gershenson, S. (2021) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.14294645 · Cited by 4
Neurological Complications of Cannabinoids
Humayun, M., Suárez, J. I., & Shah, V. A. (2024) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1787570 · Cited by 3
Alele, P. E., Matovu, D., Imanirampa, L., Ajayi, A. M., & Kasule, G. T. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Pharmacology · doi:10.2147/jep.s114272 · Cited by 3
Pérez‐Gómez, A., Cardozo, F., & Salcedo-Tocarruncho, L. (2018) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-018-9881-0 · Cited by 3
“Multiple studies (Dierker et al. 2017; Filbey et al. 2014; Fooladi et al. 2014; Meier et al. 2012; Morrow and Sharma 2016) confirm that the use of marijuana can exacerbate psychological disorders, among them anxiety, depression, demotivation, learning, and memory difficulties, as shown here.”
BackgroundPros and Cons of Cannabinoids as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Treating Parkinson's Disease
Pattabhiramaiah, M., Mallikarjunaiah, S., & Sarma, B. B. (2023) · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5652-1.ch009 · Cited by 3
Esmaeili, A., Pogoda, T. K., Amuan, M. E., Garcia, C., Negro, A. D., Myers, M., Pugh, M. J., Cifu, D. X., & Dismuke‐Greer, C. E. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1261144 · Cited by 3
Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
Delvecchio, G., Oldani, L., Mandolini, G. M., Pigoni, A., Ciappolino, V., Schiena, G., Lazzaretti, M., Caletti, E., Barbieri, V., Cinnante, C. M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/60881 · Cited by 6
Miller, N. S., & Oberbarnscheidt, T. (2017) · Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2155-6105.s11-014 · Cited by 3
“Findings suggest that activity in the basal lateral medulla is involved in marijuana-induced paranoia (state of becoming afraid of things that would normally trigger fear) [44].”
BackgroundOrbán, C., McGonigle, J., Flechais, R., Paterson, L. M., Elliott, R., Erritzøe, D., Ersche, K. D., Murphy, A., Nestor, L. J., Passetti, F., et al. (2020) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12980 · Cited by 3
“Additionally, there is evidence that alterations in RSFC in substance-dependent populations may be related to structural atrophy.(13,14) Smaller amygdala grey-matter volume (GMV) is widely documented in alcohol dependent populations (ADP) and is associated with a greater likelihood of relapse,(16) yet its relationship…”
BackgroundLi, W., Xu, C., Xu, H., Yin, B., Xu, H., & Li, Y. (2025) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.70040 · Cited by 3
Cannabis Perturbs Dynamic Brain States
Lege, K. S., Mallaroni, P., Mortaheb, S., Mason, N. L., Theunissen, E. L., Tse, D. H. Y., Toennes, S. W., Athena Demertzi, A., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.10.015 · Cited by 2
A Review of Cases of Marijuana and Violence
Miller, N. S., Ipeku, R., & Oberbarnscheidt, T. (2020) · Vide Leaf, Hyderabad eBooks · doi:10.37247/papsy.1.2020.15b · Cited by 2
Substance Use, Sleep Duration, and Health Among Adults in Ohio
Hernández, E., & Griggs, S. A. (2023) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd20.230198 · Cited by 2
Bell, R. P., Cohen, J. R., Towe, S., Gadde, S., Al‐Khalil, K., Costello, A., Song, A. W., & Meade, C. S. (2024) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111405 · Cited by 2
Nelson, B. (2015) · Cancer Cytopathology · doi:10.1002/cncy.21516 · Cited by 2
La mariguana en México: implicaciones biológicas y sociales en su legalización y regulación
Arellanes, F. J. V., & Mendívil, E. A. S. (2018) · Revista Internacional de Investigación en Adicciones · doi:10.28931/riiad.2018.1.05 · Cited by 2
Agunbiade, K., Fonville, L., McGonigle, J., Elliott, R., Ersche, K. D., Flechais, R., Orbán, C., Murphy, A., Smith, D. G., Suckling, J., et al. (2022) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13207 · Cited by 2
Sepe-Forrest, L., Kim, D., Quinn, P. D., Bolbecker, A. R., Wisner, K., Hetrick, W. P., & O’Donnell, B. F. (2022) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103237 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, increased cerebellar connectivity to the nucleus accumbens has been associated with higher craving scores in cannabis users (Filbey et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDTI-MRI findings in synthetic cannabinoid users
Gökharman, D., Aydın, S., Paltun, S. C., Fatihoğlu, E., ŞAHİNER, Ş., & Koşar, P. N. (2020) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES · doi:10.3906/sag-1905-5 · Cited by 2
Balancing the Neuroprotective Versus Neurotoxic Effects of Cannabis
Mouli, S., Ramesh, S., Govindarajulu, M., Almaghrabi, M., Fujihashi, A., Nadar, R. M., Salamat, J. M., DeRuiter, J., Clark, R. C., Moore, T., et al. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-33-4141-8_8 · Cited by 2
Brain Imaging and Substance Use Disorders: Focus on White Matter Microstructural Integrity
Rossetti, M. G., Crisanti, C., Brambilla, P., & Lorenzetti, V. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819641-0.00117-1 · Cited by 2
Cermak, T. L., & Stanford, M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818872-9.00071-6 · Cited by 2
On the duration of cannabis effects and the presence of THC in the body
Mørland, J. G., Bretteville‐Jensen, A. L., & Bramness, J. G. (2022) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16080 · Cited by 1
Stone, B. M., & Gilbert, D. G. (2024) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2024.2392508 · Cited by 1
“The growing prevalence of cannabis use may be problematic, as prolonged use may lead to complications, including a higher risk of psychosis, pregnancy complications, and cognitive impairment in adolescents (Di Forti et al., 2015; Filbey et al., 2014; Meier et al., 2012; NASEM, 2017).”
Impact of Recreational Substance Use On the Adolescent Brain
Brockhagen, S. (2025) · American journal of student research. · doi:10.70251/hyjr2348.336065 · Cited by 1
Appraising the risks of reefer madness.
Murray, R. M. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 1
Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use Disorders in South Africa: A Narrative Review
Bako, R. R. A., Ramalepe, L. M., & Nwogwugwu, N. C. (2023) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/00220426231189168 · Cited by 1
“In the long run, early and repeated exposure to cannabis – especially during the pre-and perinatal stages of pregnancy and the adolescent developmental period – increases the risk of stroke and causes structural changes to an individual ’ s brain circuits (Filbey et al., 2014).”
The Relationship Between Brain Activity and Craving Among Individuals With Cannabis Use Disorder
Zafarghandi, M. B. S., Vahed, N., Arezoomandan, R., & Pirmoradi, M. (2023) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.32598/ijpcp.29.3.4661.1 · Cited by 1
Hails, K. A., McWhirter, A. C., Sileci, A. C. B., & Stormshak, E. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2024.1392541 · Cited by 1
“Theoretically, adolescents may be at heightened risk of experiencing adverse effects of cannabis due to their ongoing brain development (6, 7, 20).”
BackgroundVahed, N., Zafarghandi, M. B. S., Bashirpour, H., Ahmadkhaniha, H., & Arezoomandan, R. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2024.110982 · Cited by 1
Cannabis and Brain: Disrupting Neural Circuits of Memory
Uddin, M. S., Sheshe, S. M., Islam, I., Mamun, A. A., Hussein, H. K., Labu, Z. K., & Ahmed, M. (2018) · Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment · doi:10.6000/2292-2598.2018.06.02.4 · Cited by 1
“Although there are less or no much scientific evidence, prolong use of cannabis could be a cause for permanent brain damage [51,52].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Filbey, F. M., Aslan, S., Calhoun, V. D., Spence, J. S., Damaraju, E., Caprihan, A., & Segall, J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Dallas (US)
- IBM (United States) (US)
- Mind Research Network (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2014-11-10
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 47
- Pages
- 16913-16918
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4250161
- OpenAlex
- W2160384401
- Cited by
- 249
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 23
- FWCI
- 16.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA021632, R01DA030344)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- cannabis use, chronic cannabis use, brain structure, gray matter volume, orbitofrontal cortex, functional connectivity, structural connectivity, forceps minor, white matter integrity, age of onset, neural adaptation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Marijuana Smoking, Case-Control Studies, Young Adult
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