The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Methods for causal inference from gene perturbation experiments and validation
Open accessAbstract
Inferring causal effects from observational and interventional data is a highly desirable but ambitious goal. Many of the computational and statistical methods are plagued by fundamental identifiability issues, instability, and unreliable performance, especially for large-scale systems with many measured variables. We present software and provide some validation of a recently developed methodology based on an invariance principle, called invariant causal prediction (ICP). The ICP method quantifies confidence probabilities for inferring causal structures and thus leads to more reliable and confirmatory statements for causal relations and predictions of external intervention effects. We validate the ICP method and some other procedures using large-scale genome-wide gene perturbation experiments in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The results suggest that prediction and prioritization of future experimental interventions, such as gene deletions, can be improved by using our statistical inference techniques.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Because gene expression data can be noisy and variational, recent advances include fusing the co-expression matrices with existing biomedical networks, such as GO annotations and PPI, and feeding the resulting graph into graph convolution layers (Section 2.2) [150, 151, 152].”
From Graph representation learning in biomedicine and healthcare (2022) · cites this paper as [150]
In the citing paper
“Doing so has enabled more interpretable disease classification models (e.g., weighting gene interactions based on existing biological knowledge).”
From Graph representation learning in biomedicine and healthcare (2022) · cites this paper as [150]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,893
Structural Equations with Latent Variables
Bollen, K. A. (1989) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118619179 · Cited by 17,944
Structural Equations with Latent Variables.
Clogg, C. C., & Bollen, K. A. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072165 · Cited by 17,475
Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference
Pearl, J. (2009) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511803161 · Cited by 11,653
(2009) · Cited by 6,153
Causation, Prediction, and Search
Spirtes, P., Glymour, C., & Scheines, R. (1993) · Lecture Notes in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-2748-9 · Cited by 4,617
Causation, Prediction, and Search
Spirtes, P., Glymour, C., & Scheines, R. (2001) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/1754.001.0001 · Cited by 4,521
Learning Bayesian Networks: The Combination of Knowledge and Statistical Data
Heckerman, D. E., Geiger, D., & Chickering, D. M. (1995) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1007/bf00994016 · Cited by 4,142
Learning Bayesian Networks: The Combination of Knowledge and Statistical Data
Heckerman, D. E., Geiger, D., & Chickering, D. M. (1995) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1023/a:1022623210503 · Cited by 3,251
Causality: models, reasoning, and inference
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-1494a · Cited by 2,968
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- DM Chickering, Optimal structure identification with greedy search. J Mach Learn Res 3, 507–554 (2002).
- JM Mooij J Cremers An empirical study of one of the simplest causal prediction algorithms. Proceedings of the UAI 2015 Workshop on Advances in Causal Inference CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org Aachen Germany) Vol 1504 pp 30–39. (2015).
- D Rothenhäusler, C Heinze, J Peters, N Meinshausen, Backshift: Learning causal cyclic graphs from unknown shift interventions. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28 (NIPS) (Curran Associates, Red Hook, NY), pp. 1513–1521 (2015).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–137 of 137
Discovering Invariant and Changing Mechanisms from Data
Mameche, S., Kaltenpoth, D., & Vreeken, J. (2022) · ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) · doi:10.1145/3534678.3539479 · Cited by 1
Error Probability Bounds for Invariant Causal Prediction via Multiple Access Channels
Goddard, A. V., Yu, X., & Soloveychik, I. (2023) · Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (ACSSC) · doi:10.1109/ieeeconf59524.2023.10476832 · Cited by 1
Causal Learning via Manifold Regularization
Hill, S. M., Oates, C. J., Blythe, D. A. J., & Mukherjee, S. (2016) · PubMed · doi:10.17863/cam.44718 · Cited by 1
The right tool for the right question --- beyond the encoding versus decoding dichotomyPreprint
Weichwald, S., & Grosse‐Wentrup, M. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1704.08851 · Cited by 1
Zhu, H., Asiaee, A., Azinfar, L., Li, J., Liang, H., Irajizad, E., Do, K.-A., & Long, J. P. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.06.641935 · Cited by 1
Cao, Z., Guo, T., Cheng, L., Zhang, F., Lü, P., Gu, C., Guo, F., & Gao, G. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.20.689377 · Cited by 1
Comment: Invariance and Causal Inference
Wager, S. (2020) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/20-sts772
Assessing the goodness of fit of linear regression via higher-order least squaresPreprint
Schultheiss, C., Bühlmann, P., & Yuan, M. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University)
Self-citationCausality and Generalizability: Identifiability and Learning MethodsPreprint
Jakobsen, M. E. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2110.01430
Higher-order least squares: assessing partial goodness of fit of linear regression.Preprint
Schultheiss, C., Bühlmann, P., & Yuan, M. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University)
Self-citation(2021) · Phytobiomes Journal · doi:10.1094/pbiomes-5-4
Sukhodolov, T., Egorova, T. A., Stenke, A., et al. (2021) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-2021-35-rc2
Sukhodolov, T., Egorova, T. A., Stenke, A., et al. (2021) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-2021-35-rc1
Sukhodolov, T. (2021) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-2021-35-ac1
Causal Discovery in Biological Data Using Directed Topological Overlap Matrix
Alipourfard, B., & Gao, J. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) · doi:10.1109/bibm55620.2022.9995122
Improved baselines for causal structure learning on interventional data
Richter, R., Bhamidi, S., & Mukherjee, S. (2023) · Statistics and Computing · doi:10.1007/s11222-023-10257-9
Connecting Logical Models to Omics Data
Béal, J., Rémy, É., & Calzone, L. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394229086.ch4
Active causal effect identification with expert knowledge
TianZuo, W. A. N. G., & ZhiHua, Z. H. O. U. (2023) · Scientia Sinica Informationis · doi:10.1360/ssi-2022-0390
Causal query estimation in partially observed biomolecular networks
Mohammad-Taheri, S. (2023) · doi:10.17760/d20620608
Causal models and prediction in cell line perturbation experiments
Long, J. P., Yang, Y., Shimizu, S., Pham, T., & Do, K.-A. (2025) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-024-06027-7
Linear Causal Disentanglement via Higher-Order Cumulants
Carreno, P. L., Meroni, C., & Seigal, A. (2025) · La Matematica · doi:10.1007/s44007-025-00168-8
Jiang, X., & Zhang, X. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19727498
Jiang, X., & Zhang, X. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19727495
Jiang, X., & Zhang, X. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19727501
Inferring gene-regulatory networks using epigenomic priors
Bartlett, T. E., Li, M., Song, C., Gao, Y., & Huang, Q. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.115165
IC2: interventional dynamical causality under latent confounders
Yan, J., Zhang, X., Shi, J. Y., Zhang, C. H. I., & Chen, L. (2026) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2025.1289
Pan, F., Yan, X., Chen, Y., Pan, T., Ti, H., Yuan, F., Wu, J., & Zhao, Y. (2026) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2026.117307
Inferring Structural Causal Models from Data with Grammatical Evolution
Doz, R., Randone, F., Bortolussi, L., & Medvet, E. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-36229-2_8
Chen, W., Yan, S., Fernandez, L. B., Yan, G., & Chen, T. (2026) · Chemical & Biomedical Imaging · doi:10.1021/cbmi.6c00156
Deng, L., Liu, L., Luo, Y., Dai, M., Ye, Z., Xiong, X., Li, Y., Kong, D., & Tan, X. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27198615
On the emergence of in silico biology for intervention in living systemsPreprint
Colter, J., Rosin, N. L., Biernaskie, J. A., & Forkert, N. D. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11321044/v1
Metadata
- Authors
- Meinshausen, N., Hauser, A., Mooij, J. M., Peters, J., Versteeg, P., & Bühlmann, P.
- Affiliations
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Bern University of Applied Sciences (CH)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems (DE)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2016-07-05
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 27
- Pages
- 7361-7368
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4941490
- OpenAlex
- W2460828264
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 4.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (VIDI grant 639.072.410)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene Regulatory Network Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks
- Keywords
- causal inference, gene deletion, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, causal discovery, intervention prediction, identifiability
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Flow Cytometry, Models, Genetic, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Software, Statistics as Topic, Gene Deletion
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review