The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Evidence for carbon cycling or biologic activity can be derived from carbon isotopes, because a high 12 C/ 13 C ratio is characteristic of biogenic carbon due to the large isotopic fractionation associated with enzymatic carbon fixation. The earliest materials measured for carbon isotopes at 3.8 Ga are isotopically light, and thus potentially biogenic. Because Earth’s known rock record extends only to ∼4 Ga, earlier periods of history are accessible only through mineral grains deposited in later sediments. We report 12 C/ 13 C of graphite preserved in 4.1-Ga zircon. Its complete encasement in crack-free, undisturbed zircon demonstrates that it is not contamination from more recent geologic processes. Its 12 C-rich isotopic signature may be evidence for the origin of life on Earth by 4.1 Ga.
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“graphite inside a 4.1-Ga-old zircon has a biogenic-like δ13C of −24 per mil (‰) (19), although lack of context means that an abiotic origin cannot be eliminated.”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“It is now generally accepted that life evolved relatively early in Earth history, with putative evidence pointing to the existence of a biosphere as early 4.1 Ga (see Bell et al., 2015) and more convincingly by 3.7 Ga.”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Bell et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“The 12 C-enrichment found within these inclusions may thus be taken as plausible unequivocal evidence for the existence of microbial life on Earth before 4.1 Ga, during the epoch of comet and asteroid impacts.”
From Cause of Cambrian Explosion - Terrestrial or Cosmic? (2018) · cites this paper as Bell et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“Further, detrital zircons 4.1 Ga, discovered in rocks belonging to a geological outcrop in the Jack Hills region of Western Australia, have been found to contain micron-sized graphite spheres with an isotopic signature of biogenic carbon (Bell et al., 2015).”
From Cause of Cambrian Explosion - Terrestrial or Cosmic? (2018) · cites this paper as Bell et al., 2015
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Cites
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Further Characterisation of the 91500 Zircon Crystal
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Evidence for life on Earth before 3,800 million years ago
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Zircon Thermometer Reveals Minimum Melting Conditions on Earliest Earth
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Oxygen-isotope evidence from ancient zircons for liquid water at the Earth's surface 4,300 Myr ago
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Self-citation13 C-Depleted Carbon Microparticles in >3700-Ma Sea-Floor Sedimentary Rocks from West Greenland
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<707:CICOIP>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
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Sorted by citations
Catling, D. C., & Zahnle, K. J. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax1420 · Cited by 568
“has a biogenic-like d(13)C of−24 permil (‰) (19), although lack of contextmeans that an abiotic origin cannot be eliminated.”
BackgroundThe habitability of planets orbiting M-dwarf stars
Shields, A. L., Ballard, S., & Johnson, J. A. (2016) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2016.10.003 · Cited by 398
Challenges in evidencing the earliest traces of life
Javaux, E. J. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1436-4 · Cited by 297
Knoll, A. H., & Nowak, M. A. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1603076 · Cited by 277
Stratigraphic and Earth System approaches to defining the Anthropocene
Steffen, W., Leinfelder, R., Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C. N., Williams, M., Summerhayes, C. P., Barnosky, A. D., Cearreta, A., Crutzen, P. J., Edgeworth, M., et al. (2016) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1002/2016ef000379 · Cited by 283
Metadata
- Authors
- Bell, E. A., Boehnke, P., Harrison, T. M., & Mao, W. L.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-10-19
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 47
- Pages
- 14518-14521
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4664351
- OpenAlex
- W2161420691
- Cited by
- 474
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 31.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Simons Foundation (293529)
- National Science Foundation (NSF-EAR-0948724, NSF-EAR-1055454)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Keywords
- biogenic carbon, detrital zircon, graphite inclusions, carbon isotopes, early Earth biosphere, origin of life, Jack Hills, Archean
- MeSH terms
- Carbon, Zirconium, Silicates, Earth, Planet
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