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Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China
Open accessAbstract
The pottery vessels from the Mijiaya site reveal, to our knowledge, the first direct evidence of in situ beer making in China, based on the analyses of starch, phytolith, and chemical residues. Our data reveal a surprising beer recipe in which broomcorn millet ( Panicum miliaceum ), barley ( Hordeum vulgare ), Job’s tears ( Coix lacryma-jobi ), and tubers were fermented together. The results indicate that people in China established advanced beer-brewing technology by using specialized tools and creating favorable fermentation conditions around 5,000 y ago. Our findings imply that early beer making may have motivated the initial translocation of barley from the Western Eurasia into the Central Plain of China before the crop became a part of agricultural subsistence in the region 3,000 y later.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Residue analyses of Mijiaya pottery provide the earliest direct evidence of in situ beer making in China, with a mixed recipe of broomcorn millet, barley, Job’s tears, and tubers around 5,000 y ago. The barley evidence predates macrobotanical remains in China by 1,000 y and suggests beer making may have motivated barley’s initial translocation before it became a subsistence crop.
Key findings
- Starch, phytolith, and chemical residues from Mijiaya vessels indicate a fermented beverage made from broomcorn millet (*Panicum miliaceum*), barley (*Hordeum vulgare*), Job’s tears (*Coix lacryma-jobi*), and tubers including snake gourd root, yam, and lily.
- A total of 541 starch grains were recovered; 488 (90.2%) were identifiable, and 166 (30.7%) showed damage patterns matching malting and mashing. Phytoliths included η-shaped broomcorn millet elements, Job’s tears crosses, and articulated dendritic Triticeae phytoliths most probably from barley.
- Ion chromatography detected oxalate in Funnel 1 at 0.08% (80 mg/100 g) and Pot 5 at 0.05% (50 mg/100 g), but not in Pot 3; control samples showed little or no comparable residues.
- Barley at Mijiaya is reported as the earliest occurrence of this crop in China, predating macrobotanical remains by 1,000 y; the authors suggest barley was initially introduced to the Central Plain as an alcohol ingredient rather than for subsistence.
Methods
- Residue analyses—starch, phytolith, and ion chromatography—were conducted on two complete funnels and pottery sherds from five *jiandiping* amphorae and two wide-mouth pots from Mijiaya pits H82 and H78, dated to 3400–2900 BC (Banpo IV/late Yangshao), with four control samples.
- Starch and phytolith identification used morphological comparison with a reference collection of over 1,000 Asian and European economically important plant specimens and morphometric methods: a discriminant model separating Job’s tears from millets with 82.4% success, and articulated dendritic phytolith wave-lobe measurements with at least 30 measurable lobes per residue sample compared against 20 Triticeae and other dendritic-producing species.
- Oxalate was measured by ion chromatography on residues from Funnel 1, Pot 3, and Pot 5, with control sample 4 analyzed separately.
Limitations
- The paper states that future research with more comprehensive phytolith data from other Neolithic contexts is needed to test the hypothesis, and notes this is the first study applying morphometric analysis to dendritic phytoliths from China.
- Oxalate was not detected in Pot 3, and only three residue samples were tested by ion chromatography for oxalate; the authors also acknowledge that oxalates occur naturally in some plants, though they argue the vessel types are not suitable for storing fresh plant material.
- Evident from the text: identifications rely partly on morphometric models and reference collections with stated success rates, such as 82.4% for separating Job’s tears from millets, and the “beer-making toolkit” interpretation rests on artifact assemblages from two pits rather than direct ancient DNA or macrobotanical barley remains.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The starch assemblage mainly consists of millet, Triticeae, and Job's tears, with a smaller contribution from tubers that include snake gourd root (Trichosanthes kirilowii), yam (Dioscorea sp.), and lily (Lilium sp.) (Fig. 3 A-F).”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Results
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In the paper
“Although some of the mean measurements of the archaeological samples fall within the ranges of other taxa, all of the means fall within those observed in H. vulgare (Tables S5 and S6).”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Seven vessels revealed η-shaped long cells that are consistent with phytoliths formed in epidermal husk tissues of broomcorn millet (Fig. 3J) (15).”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Results
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, articulated dendritic phytoliths consistent in pattern and shape with those produced in the husks of Triticeae species were observed (Fig. 3K).”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Phytoliths identified to the Panicoideae grass subfamily predominate the assemblage.”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Results
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In the paper
“Phytolith data indicate the presence of cereal husks (Table 2).”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Results
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In the paper
“Interestingly, each pit also contained a pottery stove (Fig. 2E).”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cross-shaped phytoliths showing a considerable variation in form and size, comparable with the crosses produced by Job's tears in our modern references, were observed (Fig. 3H).”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the first time, to our knowledge, we are able to identify the presence of barley in archaeological materials from China by applying a recently developed method based on phytolith morphometrics, predating macrobotanical remains of barley by 1,000 y.”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Taxonomical Identification
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Based on three variables, including size, eccentricity of the hilum, and presence or absence of curved arms on the extinction cross, this multivariate model has a success rate of 82.4% for separating Job's tears from millets (17).”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Taxonomical Identification
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
- It may state two separate claims as one. 19
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 541 starch grains were recovered from the funnels and pottery sherds (Table 1).Of these grains, 488 starch grains (90.2% of the total) were identifiable to various taxonomic levels compared with our reference data.”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Results
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three types of vessels were recovered in both pits: wide-mouth pots, funnels, and jiandiping amphorae (Fig. 2 B-D), all of which have yellowish residues on their interior surface (Fig. S2).”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“First, some grains show pits and channels on their surface, ranging from being slightly pitted to completely hollow (Fig. 4A).Second, a large number of starch grains are swollen, folded, and distorted (Fig. 4B); some still retain their individual boundaries, but many merge into one another.”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A high percentage of starch grains (n = 166, 30.7%) exhibit signs of damage, and among them two types of damage closely resemble that produced by beer brewing.”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Results
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“IC analysis of the exterior scrapings from Pot 5 (control sample 4) detected no oxalate, a result in clear contrast to a high level of oxalate found in the interior surface of the same vessel.”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results confirmed that high levels of oxalate are present in Funnel 1 and Pot 5 (Fig. 5).Oxalate was not detected from Pot 3.”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The oxalate concentration is 0.08% (80 mg/100 g) for Funnel 1 and 0.05% (50 mg/100 g) for Pot 5.”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with ancient samples, the control samples contained a much smaller number of phytoliths and starch grains (Tables 1 and 2) with no signs of damage.”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The profile of phytoliths corroborates the starch grain assemblage, indicating the presence of broomcorn millet, Job's tears, and barley.”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each residue sample yielded at least 30 measurable wave lobes in total, which allowed us to have statistical confidence in the measurements of form factor, roundness, convexity, solidity, compactness, and aspect ratio (Table S2).”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Taxonomical Identification
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Calcium oxalate is a principle component of”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Results
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (24)(25)(26)(27)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Recent research has achieved good success at identifying wheat and barley phytoliths and distinguishing them from the relevant wild grasses (12,13).”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Taxonomical Identification
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Both pits belong to Banpo IV (or late Yangshao period) stratum, and an established chronology based on ceramic typology and 14 C dates in the region securely places the time period between 3400 and 2900 BC (9,10).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The hypothesis is possible, considering that China has an early tradition of fermentation and evidence of rice-based fermented beverage has been found from the 9,000-y-old Jiahu site (7).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although oxalates occur naturally in plants like spinach (Spinacia oleracea), rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum), and some Dioscorea and Lilium species, the vessel types in this study are not suitable for storing any fresh plant.”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Mijiaya vessel types are not suitable for storing any fresh plant.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Yangshao people probably developed their recipe through repeated experiments.”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Discussion and Conclusion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All three lines of evidence are consistent with the archaeological data, indicating that the Yangshao people brewed a mixed beer with specialized tools and knowledge of temperature control.”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Discussion and Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Mijiaya farmers probably obtained small quantities of barley grains through exchange or cultivated the plant along with other cereals.”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Discussion and Conclusion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The timing and nature of the crop's initial adoption in China is still not well understood (29)(30)(31).”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Discussion and Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (29)(30)(31)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These observations suggest that the high concentrations of starch, phytolith, and chemical residues related to the beer-making process are exclusively present on the interior surfaces of the Mijiaya vessels, which potentially have had direct association with beer brewing.”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with millets, barley has much higher αand β-amylase activities, which promotes the saccharification process (28).”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Discussion and Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [28]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Like other alcoholic beverages, beer is one of the most widely used and versatile drugs in the world (35), and it has been used for negotiating different kinds of social relationships.”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Discussion and Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The late Yangshao period in the Wei River region was characterized by hierarchically organized settlement patterns, interpolity competitions, construction of large public architectures at regional centers, and ritual feasting likely organized by elite individuals and involving alcohol consumption (34) (SI Text).”
§ Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China > Discussion and Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Direct evidence for alcohol production from Yangshao sites is lacking.
“However, direct evidence for alcohol production from Yangshao sites is lacking.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Mijiaya vessel types are not suitable for storing any fresh plant.
“Although oxalates occur naturally in plants like spinach (Spinacia oleracea), rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum), and some Dioscorea and Lilium species, the vessel types in this study are not suitable for storing any fresh plant.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Barley was first domesticated in Western Eurasia and later introduced into China, presumably through the Central Asian steppe.
“Barley was first domesticated in Western Eurasia and later introduced into China, presumably through the Central Asian steppe.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Triticeae percentage is inconsistent with the table totals
MinorThe table reports 152 Triticeae grains out of 541 total grains. That is 28.1%, not 28.61%.
Reported 28.61 · recomputed 28.096118
“| Percent, % | 28.61 | 23.7 | 28.5 | 3.0 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 5.7 | 9.8 100.0 | 30.7 | |”
Pot 3 starch counts do not sum to the reported total
MinorThe counts in the Pot 3 row sum to 37, not 38.
Reported 38 · recomputed 37
“| Pot 3 | 11 | 5 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 38 | 23 |”
Pot 5 starch counts do not sum to the reported total
MinorThe counts in the Pot 5 row sum to 64, not 66.
Reported 66 · recomputed 64
“| Pot 5 | 11 | 19 | 14 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 4 | 66 | 17 |”
Pot 7 starch counts do not sum to the reported total
MinorThe counts in the Pot 7 row sum to 22, not 24.
Reported 24 · recomputed 22
“| Pot 7 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 24 | 5 |”
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Chen, R., Zhang, H., Wang, X., Ge, W., Qi, X., Xiao, N., & Wen, R. (2026) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105738
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Jiménez-Arteaga, C., Kerfant, C. E., Madella, M., Tuset, N. G., Santiago-Marrero, C. G., Mutri, G., Knisley, M. C., Gidna, A., Mabulla, A. Z. P., Mueller, N., et al. (2026) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2026.106641
Li, L., He, Y., Li, J., Zhang, J., & Luo, W. (2026) · Heritage · doi:10.3390/heritage9080335
Genomic Evidence of Early-Diverging Domesticated Lineages in Norwegian Farmhouse Yeast
Dondrup, M., Martinussen, A. O., Haugland, L. K., Brandenburg, J., Inanli, O., Elameen, A., Dolan, D., Grellscheid, S. N., Hagen, S. B., Schroeder, H., et al. (2026) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evag220
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, J., Liu, L., Ball, T., Yu, L., Li, Y., & Xing, F.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Stanford Archaeology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Brigham Young University (US)
- Zhejiang Research Institute of Chemical Industry (CN)
- Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, 710054 Xi’an, China
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Jiajing
- ORCID
- Ball, Terry
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2016-05-23
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 6444-6448
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4988576
- OpenAlex
- W2398626377
- Semantic Scholar
- 386190a5203471f5d068ef58f979ad39e18d994f
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9
- FWCI
- 11.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeological and Geological Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies
- Keywords
- starch grain analysis, phytoliths, chemical residues, Panicum miliaceum, barley, Coix lacryma-jobi, tubers, fermentation
- MeSH terms
- Beer, Edible Grain, China, Magnoliopsida, Plant Tubers, History, Ancient
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-30, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-30 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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