Cited by 218Social and Intergroup PsychologyRacial and Ethnic Identity ResearchRace, History, and American Society

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Americans misperceive racial economic equality

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Kraus, Michael W., Rucker, Julian M., Richeson, Jennifer A.·2017·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.1707719114PMC PMC5625917

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Abstract

= 1,377) sampling White and Black Americans from the top and bottom of the national income distribution, participants overestimated progress toward Black-White economic equality, largely driven by estimates of greater current equality than actually exists according to national statistics. Overestimates of current levels of racial economic equality, on average, outstripped reality by roughly 25% and were predicted by greater belief in a just world and social network racial diversity (among Black participants). Whereas high-income White respondents tended to overestimate racial economic equality in the past, Black respondents, on average, underestimated the degree of past racial economic equality. Two follow-up experiments further revealed that making societal racial discrimination salient increased the accuracy of Whites' estimates of Black-White economic equality, whereas encouraging Whites to anchor their estimates on their own circumstances increased their tendency to overestimate current racial economic equality. Overall, these findings suggest a profound misperception of and unfounded optimism regarding societal race-based economic equality-a misperception that is likely to have any number of important policy implications.

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Misperceptions of progress towards racial equality in educational attainment and their implications for policy preferences
Browman, A. S., & Miele, D. B. (2025) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-025-10035-7

Authors: Kraus, M. W., Rucker, J. M., & Richeson, J. A.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
Northwestern University (US)
ORCID: Kraus, Michael W.
Rucker, Julian M.
Richeson, Jennifer A.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2017-09-18
Volume: 114
Issue: 39
Pages: 10324-10331
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707719114
PMC: PMC5625917
OpenAlex: W2756364188
Cited by: 218
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 3
FWCI: 41.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2021-11-23)
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.pnas.org/site/misc/userlicense.xhtml (vor)
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Yale University (School of Management, Department of Psychology)
National Science Foundation (Graduate Research Fellowship)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Race, History, and American Society
Keywords: racial economic inequality, black-white disparities, belief in a just world, self-serving bias, income distribution, racial attitudes
MeSH terms: Adult, Black or African American, Demography, Female, Humans, Male, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Vulnerable Populations, White People, Racism

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Americans misperceive racial economic equality

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