Synapse formation is associated with memory storage in the cerebellum
Open accessAbstract
The idea that memory is encoded by means of synaptic growth is not new. However, this idea has been difficult to demonstrate in the mammalian brain because of both the complexity of mammalian behavior and the neural circuitry by which it is supported. Here we examine how eyeblink classical conditioning affects synapse number within the cerebellum; the brain region essential for long-term retention of the conditioned response. Results showed eyeblink-conditioned rats to have significantly more synapses per neuron within the cerebellar interpositus nucleus than both explicitly unpaired and untrained controls. Further analysis showed that the increase was caused by the addition of excitatory rather than inhibitory synapses. Thus, development of the conditioned eyeblink response is associated with a strengthening of inputs from precerebellar nuclei rather than from cerebellar cortex. These results demonstrate that the modifications of specific neural pathways by means of synaptogenesis contributes to formation of a specific memory within the mammalian brain.
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- Authors
- Kleim, J. A., Freeman, J. H., Bruneau, R., Nolan, B. C., Cooper, N. R., Zook, A., & Walters, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Lethbridge (CA)
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4; and Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Seashore Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242
- ORCID
- Freeman, John H.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2002-09-16
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 13228-13231
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC130615
- OpenAlex
- W2043749525
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 38890, R01NS038890)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- synaptogenesis, memory storage, cerebellum, interpositus nucleus, eyeblink classical conditioning, long-term memory, excitatory synapses, inhibitory synapses, precerebellar nuclei, synaptic plasticity, conditioned response
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Blinking, Brain, Cerebellum, Humans, Memory, Neurons, Synapses, Time Factors, Rats
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