The Paf1 complex is required for RNA polymerase II removal in response to DNA damage
Open accessAbstract
Rpb1, the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), is rapidly polyubiquitinated and degraded in response to DNA damage; this process is considered to be a “mechanism of last resort’’ employed by cells. The underlying mechanism of this process remains elusive. Here, we uncovered a previously uncharacterized multistep pathway in which the polymerase-associated factor 1 (Paf1) complex (PAF1C, composed of the subunits Ctr9, Paf1, Leo1, Cdc73, and Rtf1) is involved in regulating the RNAPII pool by stimulating Elongin-Cullin E3 ligase complex-mediated Rpb1 polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the proteasome following DNA damage. Mechanistically, Spt5 is dephosphorylated following DNA damage, thereby weakening the interaction between the Rtf1 subunit and Spt5, which might be a key step in initiating Rpb1 degradation. Next, Rad26 is loaded onto stalled RNAPII to replace the Spt4/Spt5 complex in an RNAPII-dependent manner and, in turn, recruits more PAF1C to DNA lesions via the binding of Rad26 to the Leo1 subunit. Importantly, the PAF1C, assembled in a Ctr9-mediated manner, coordinates with Rad26 to localize the Elongin-Cullin complex on stalled RNAPII, thereby inducing RNAPII removal, in which the heterodimer Paf1/Leo1 and the subunit Cdc73 play important roles. Together, our results clearly revealed a new role of the intact PAF1C in regulating the RNAPII pool in response to DNA damage.
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ELOF1 and LEO1 were identified among cisplatin sensitization hits.
“Notably, ELOF1, a recently identified transcription elongation factor that plays an important role in transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair47, and LEO1, a subunit of the polymerase-associated factor 1 (Paf1) complex RNA polymerase that is required for RNA polymerase II removal in response to DNA damage, were identified48,49.”
From Large-scale CRISPR screening in primary human 3D gastric organoids enables comprehensive dissection of gene-drug interactions (2025) · cites this paper as [49]
The Results sections on Paf1/Leo1 describe Leo1’s role in RNA polymerase II removal after DNA damage, but do not report a cisplatin-sensitization screen or identify ELOF1 and LEO1 as hits. Searches for cisplatin sensitivity, sensitization hits, and ELOF1 found no passage addressing that claim. The cited paper does support the separate description of LEO1’s role in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.73)
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- Authors
- Chen, F., Liu, B., Zhou, H., & Long, J.
- Affiliations
- Nankai University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Feilong
- Long, Jiafu
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2022-09-26
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 40
- Pages
- e2207332119-e2207332119
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC9546532
- OpenAlex
- W4297093952
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 0.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality (JCYJ20210324122212034)
- Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City (20JCYBJC01320)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (32171208 and 31870750)
- Fundamental Research Funds for the central Universities, Nankai University (030/63211052)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
- Keywords
- Paf1 complex, RNA polymerase II, DNA damage response, proteasomal degradation, Rad26, CTR9, CDC73, Rtf1, transcriptional repression
- MeSH terms
- Elongin, Adenosine Triphosphatases, DNA Damage, Nuclear Proteins, RNA Polymerase II, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Transcription Factors, Cell Cycle Proteins, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins, Transcriptional Elongation Factors, Cullin Proteins, Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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