Positive Darwinian evolution in human influenza A viruses.
Open accessAbstract
We earlier suggested that type A human influenza virus genes undergo positive Darwinian selection through immune surveillance. This requires more favorable amino acid replacements fixed in antigenic sites among the surviving lineages than among the extinct lineages. We now show that viral hemagglutinins fix proportionately more amino acid replacements in antigenic sites in the trunk of the evolutionary tree (survivors) than in the branches (nonsurvivors), demonstrating that type A human influenza virus is undergoing positive Darwinian evolution. The hemagglutinin gene is evolving 3 times faster than the nonstructural gene and the average age of the sampled nonsurvivors is only 1.6 years, so that extinction is not only common but rapid.
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Fitch, W. M., Leiter, J. M., Li, X. Q., & Palese, P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- ORCID
- Palese, P
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1991-05-15
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 4270-4274
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC51640
- OpenAlex
- W2019548301
- Cited by
- 320
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (8796183)
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ai011823-30)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI-11823)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Keywords
- influenza A virus, positive selection, hemagglutinin gene, antigenic determinants, immune surveillance, viral evolution, amino acid substitutions, evolutionary rates, non-structural genes
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Biological Evolution, Genes, Viral, Hemagglutinins, Viral, Molecular Sequence Data, Influenza A virus
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