Functional testicular tissue does not masculinize development of the zebra finch song system.
Open accessAbstract
Current theories of sexual differentiation maintain that ovarian estrogen prevents masculine development of the copulatory system in birds, whereas estrogen derived from testicular androgens promotes masculine sexual differentiation of neuroanatomy and sexual behavior in mammals. Paradoxically, some data suggest that the neural song system in zebra finches follows the mammalian pattern with estrogenic metabolites of testicular secretions causing masculine development. To test whether the removal of estrogen from males during early development would prevent the development of masculine song systems, zebra finches were treated embryonically with an inhibitor of estrogen synthesis. In addition, this treatment in genetic female zebra finches induced both functional ovarian and testicular tissue to develop, thus allowing the assessment of the direct effects of testicular secretions on song system development. In males, the inhibition of estrogen synthesis before hatching had a small but significant effect in demasculinizing one aspect of the neural song system. In treated females, the song systems remained morphologically feminine. These results suggest that masculinization of the song system is not determined solely by testicular androgens or their estrogenic metabolites.
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The origin of sexual differences in the brain begins before gonadal hormones are detected in plasma.
“The origin of sexual differences in the brain starts even before gonadal hormones are detected in the plasma (Arnold, 1996; Wade & Arnold, 1996).”
From Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axes: sex differences in regulation of stress responsivity (2017) · cites this paper as Wade & Arnold, 1996
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Self-citationTrkB-like immunoreactivity in the song system of developing zebra finches
Wade, J. (2000) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/s0891-0618(00)00051-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationDewaele, A., Dujardin, É., André, M., Albina, A., Jammes, H., Giton, F., Sellem, E., Jolivet, G., Pailhoux, É., & Pannetier, M. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13112070 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Genes and brain sex differences
Sánchez, F. J., & Vilain, E. J. N. (2010) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53630-3.00005-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Chin, E. H., Shah, A. H., Schmidt, K. L., Sheldon, L. D., Love, O. P., & Soma, K. K. (2008) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.02.014 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A putative 5α-reductase inhibitor demasculinizes portions of the zebra finch song system
Grisham, W., Tam, A., Greco, C. M., Schlinger, B. A., & Arnold, A. P. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01336-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationMammalian ovary differentiation – A focus on female meiosis
Baillet, A., & Mandon‐Pepin, B. (2011) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.029 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hormone-Independent Pathways of Sexual Differentiation
Renfree, M. B., Chew, K. Y., & Shaw, G. (2014) · Sexual Development · doi:10.1159/000358447 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lobato, M., Vellema, M., Gahr, C. L., Leitão, A., de Lima, S. M. A., Geberzahn, N., & Gahr, M. L. (2015) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2015.00117 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Gap junctional coupling between progenitor cells of regenerating retina in the adult newt
Chiba, C., & Saito, T. (2000) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(20000205)42:2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Tang, Y.-P., & Wade, J. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.10.014 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationTang, Y. P., & Wade, J. (2009) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.20721 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationVilain, E. J. N. (2006) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy · doi:10.1300/j236v10n02_02 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Experimental Analysis of Sexual Differentiation of the Zebra Finch Brain
Arnold, A. P. (1997) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(97)00232-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Wade, J., & Arnold, A. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1996-05-28
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 5264-5268
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC39233
- OpenAlex
- W2038184154
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 8.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1f32mh010352-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH10352)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC-00217, R01DC000217)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Keywords
- zebra finch, song system, sexual differentiation, masculinization, testicular androgens, estrogen synthesis inhibition, ovarian estrogen, testicular tissue, avian neuroanatomy
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Birds, Copulation, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Estrogen Antagonists, Estrogens, Female, Male, Ovary, Sex Characteristics, Sex Differentiation, Testis, Vocalization, Animal, Fadrozole
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