The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Male fetal progenitor cells persist in maternal blood for as long as 27 years postpartum
Open accessAbstract
Rare nucleated fetal cells circulate within maternal blood. Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis by isolation and genetic analysis of these cells is currently being undertaken. We sought to determine if genetic evidence existed for persistent circulation of fetal cells from prior pregnancies. Venous blood samples were obtained from 32 pregnant women and 8 nonpregnant women who had given birth to males 6 months to 27 years earlier. Mononuclear cells were sorted by flow cytometry using antibodies to CD antigens 3, 4, 5, 19, 23, 34, and 38. DNA within sorted cells, amplified by PCR for Y chromosome sequences, was considered predictive of a male fetus or evidence of persistent male fetal cells. In the 32 pregnancies, male DNA was detected in 13 of 19 women carrying a male fetus. In 4 of 13 pregnancies with female fetuses, male DNA was also detected. All of the 4 women had prior pregnancies; 2 of the 4 had prior males and the other 2 had terminations of pregnancy. In 6 of the 8 nonpregnant women, male DNA was detected in CD34+CD38+ cells, even in a woman who had her last son 27 years prior to blood sampling. Our data demonstrate the continued maternal circulation of fetal CD34+ or CD34+CD38+ cells from a prior pregnancy. The prolonged persistence of fetal progenitor cells may represent a human analogue of the microchimerism described in the mouse and may have significance in development of tolerance of the fetus. Pregnancy may thus establish a long-term, low-grade chimeric state in the human female.
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“Unlike fetal cells, it disappears from the maternal circulation shortly after delivery (319,320) and therefore does not confound prenatal genetic investigations in subsequent pregnancies (321,322).”
From Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management (2022) · cites this paper as [320]
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Cites
Avoiding false positives with PCR
Kwok, S., & Higuchi, R. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/339237a0 · Cited by 3,407
Cell migration, chimerism, and graft acceptance
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Self-citationIsolation of fetal DNA from nucleated erythrocytes in maternal blood.
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Self-citationCHIMERISM AND DONOR-SPECIFIC NONREACTIVITY 27 TO 29 YEARS AFTER KIDNEY ALLOTRANSPLANTATION
Starzl, T. E., Demetris, A. J., Trucco, M., Zeevi, A., Ramos, H. C., Terasaki, P. I., Rudert, W. A., Kočova, M., Ricordi, C., Ildstad, S. T., et al. (1993) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/00007890-199306000-00012 · Cited by 329
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Presence of fetal cells in maternal circulation after delivery
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Prenatal genetic diagnosis by isolation and analysis of fetal cells circulating in maternal blood.
Geifman-Holtzman, O., Blatman, R. N., & Bianchi, D. W. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 22
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 7
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lo, Y. M. D., Tein, M., Lau, T. K., Haines, C. J., Leung, T. N., Poon, P. M. K., Wainscoat, J. S., Johnson, P. J., Chang, A. M. Z., & Hjelm, N. M. (1998) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/301800 · Cited by 1,645
Rapid Clearance of Fetal DNA from Maternal Plasma
Lo, Y. M. D., Zhang, J., Leung, T. N., Lau, T. K., Chang, A. M. Z., & Hjelm, N. M. (1999) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/302205 · Cited by 1,172
Gender differences in autoimmune disease
Ngo, S. T., Steyn, F. J., & McCombe, P. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.04.004 · Cited by 1,074
Bartynski, W. S. (2008) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a0929 · Cited by 1,051
Pearson, G. D., Veille, J.-C., Rahimtoola, S. H., Hsia, J. A., Oakley, C. M., Hosenpud, J. D., Ansari, A. A., & Baughman, K. L. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.9.1183 · Cited by 861
Metadata
- Authors
- Bianchi, D. W., Zickwolf, G. K., Weil, G. J., Sylvester, S., & DeMaria, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1996-01-23
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 705-708
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC40117
- OpenAlex
- W2021680265
- Cited by
- 1,264
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 38.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- March of Dimes Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Screening and Diagnostics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Keywords
- fetal microchimerism, maternal blood, CD34+CD38- cells, Y-chromosome DNA, noninvasive prenatal diagnosis, pregnancy, fetal tolerance, CD antigens
- MeSH terms
- Antigens, Differentiation, Cell Separation, Chimera, DNA, Female, Fetus, Flow Cytometry, Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Humans, Male, Membrane Glycoproteins, N-Glycosyl Hydrolases, Pregnancy, Sex Characteristics, Sex Determination Analysis, Time Factors, Y Chromosome, Antigens, CD, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Antigens, CD34, ADP-ribosyl Cyclase, Postpartum Period, ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1
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