Cited by 1,264Prenatal Screening and DiagnosticsReproductive System and PregnancyHematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Male fetal progenitor cells persist in maternal blood for as long as 27 years postpartum

Open access

Bianchi, D W, Zickwolf, G K, Weil, G J, Sylvester, S, DeMaria, M A·1996·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.93.2.705PMC PMC40117

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Rare nucleated fetal cells circulate within maternal blood. Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis by isolation and genetic analysis of these cells is currently being undertaken. We sought to determine if genetic evidence existed for persistent circulation of fetal cells from prior pregnancies. Venous blood samples were obtained from 32 pregnant women and 8 nonpregnant women who had given birth to males 6 months to 27 years earlier. Mononuclear cells were sorted by flow cytometry using antibodies to CD antigens 3, 4, 5, 19, 23, 34, and 38. DNA within sorted cells, amplified by PCR for Y chromosome sequences, was considered predictive of a male fetus or evidence of persistent male fetal cells. In the 32 pregnancies, male DNA was detected in 13 of 19 women carrying a male fetus. In 4 of 13 pregnancies with female fetuses, male DNA was also detected. All of the 4 women had prior pregnancies; 2 of the 4 had prior males and the other 2 had terminations of pregnancy. In 6 of the 8 nonpregnant women, male DNA was detected in CD34+CD38+ cells, even in a woman who had her last son 27 years prior to blood sampling. Our data demonstrate the continued maternal circulation of fetal CD34+ or CD34+CD38+ cells from a prior pregnancy. The prolonged persistence of fetal progenitor cells may represent a human analogue of the microchimerism described in the mouse and may have significance in development of tolerance of the fetus. Pregnancy may thus establish a long-term, low-grade chimeric state in the human female.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.93.2.705

Cites

18 of 18 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Avoiding false positives with PCR
Kwok, S., & Higuchi, R. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/339237a0 · Cited by 3,407
Cell migration, chimerism, and graft acceptance
Starzl, T. E., Murase, N., Ildstad, S. T., Ricordi, C., Demetris, A. J., & Trucco, M. (1992) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)91840-5 · Cited by 1,051
Fetal cells in the blood of pregnant women: detection and enrichment by fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
Herzenberg, L. A., Bianchi, D. W., Schröder, J., Cann, H. M., & Iverson, G. M. (1979) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.76.3.1453 · Cited by 439
Self-citation
Isolation of fetal DNA from nucleated erythrocytes in maternal blood.
Bianchi, D. W., Flint, A., Pizzimenti, M. F., Knoll, J. H. M., & Latt, S. A. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.9.3279 · Cited by 409
Self-citation
CHIMERISM AND DONOR-SPECIFIC NONREACTIVITY 27 TO 29 YEARS AFTER KIDNEY ALLOTRANSPLANTATION
Starzl, T. E., Demetris, A. J., Trucco, M., Zeevi, A., Ramos, H. C., Terasaki, P. I., Rudert, W. A., Kočova, M., Ricordi, C., Ildstad, S. T., et al. (1993) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/00007890-199306000-00012 · Cited by 329
Isolating fetal cells from maternal blood. Advances in prenatal diagnosis through molecular technology
Simpson, J. L. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.270.19.2357 · Cited by 188
Detection of single-copy fetal DNA sequence from maternal blood
LO, Y. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)91491-r · Cited by 151
FETAL LEUKOCYTES IN THE MATERNAL CIRCULATION AFTER DELIVERY
der, J. S., Thlikainen, A., & de la Chapelle, A. (1974) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/00007890-197404000-00003 · Cited by 126
Y chromosome sequence DNA amplified from peripheral blood of women in early pregnancy
Thomas, M. R., Williamson, R., Craft, I., Yazdani, N., & Rodeck, C. H. (1994) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91248-3 · Cited by 112
Fetal cells in maternal blood: Determination of purity and yield by quantitative polymerase chain reaction
Bianchi, D. W., Shuber, A. P., DeMaria, M. A., Fougner, A. C., & Klinger, K. W. (1994) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(94)70059-1 · Cited by 84
Self-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 18 references

Research works printed but not linked: 7

[1]Herzenberg, L. A., Bianchi, D. W., Schröder, J., Cann, H. M. & Iverson, G. M. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 1453–1455.
[6]Bianchi, D. W., Flint, A. F., Pizzimenti, M. F., Knoll, J. H. M. & Latt, S. A. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 3279–3283.
[12]Bianchi, D. W., Flint, A. F., Pizzimenti, M. F., Knoll, J. H. M. & Latt, S. A. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 3279–3283.
[15]Liégois, A., Escourrou, J., Ouvre, E. & Charreire, J. (1977) Transplant. Proc. 9, 273–276.
[16]Liégois, A., Gaillard, M. D., Ouvre, E. & Lewis, D. (1981) Transplant. Proc. 13, 1250–1252.
[18]Masseyeff, R., Soubiran, P., Philip, P. J. M. & Ayraud, N. (1983) in Immunologie de la reproduction humaine, eds. Edelman, P. & Sureau, C. (Edition Boz, Paris), pp. 93–96.
[17]Liégois, A. (1983) in Immunologie de la reproduction humaine, eds. Edelman, P. & Sureau, C. (Edition Boz, Paris), pp. 99–100.

Sorted by citations

Quantitative Analysis of Fetal DNA in Maternal Plasma and Serum: Implications for Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis
Lo, Y. M. D., Tein, M., Lau, T. K., Haines, C. J., Leung, T. N., Poon, P. M. K., Wainscoat, J. S., Johnson, P. J., Chang, A. M. Z., & Hjelm, N. M. (1998) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/301800 · Cited by 1,645
Rapid Clearance of Fetal DNA from Maternal Plasma
Lo, Y. M. D., Zhang, J., Leung, T. N., Lau, T. K., Chang, A. M. Z., & Hjelm, N. M. (1999) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/302205 · Cited by 1,172
Gender differences in autoimmune disease
Ngo, S. T., Steyn, F. J., & McCombe, P. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.04.004 · Cited by 1,074
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome, Part 2: Controversies Surrounding Pathophysiology of Vasogenic Edema
Bartynski, W. S. (2008) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a0929 · Cited by 1,051
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
Pearson, G. D., Veille, J.-C., Rahimtoola, S. H., Hsia, J. A., Oakley, C. M., Hosenpud, J. D., Ansari, A. A., & Baughman, K. L. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.9.1183 · Cited by 861
Prenatal Diagnosis of Fetal RhD Status by Molecular Analysis of Maternal Plasma
Lo, Y. M. D., Hjelm, N. M., Fidler, C., Sargent, I. L., Murphy, M. F., Chamberlain, P. F., Poon, P. M. K., Redman, C. W. G., & Wainscoat, J. S. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199812103392402 · Cited by 718
The Rh blood group system: a review
Avent, N. D., & Reid, M. E. (2000) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v95.2.375 · Cited by 712
Microchimerism and HLA-compatible relationships of pregnancy in scleroderma
Nelson, J. L., Fürst, D. E., Maloney, S., Gooley, T. A., Evans, P. C., Smith, A. G., Bean, M. A., Ober, C., & Bianchi, D. W. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)08357-8 · Cited by 593
Self-citation
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management
Claahsen - van der Grinten, H. L., Speiser, P. W., Ahmed, S. F., Arlt, W., Auchus, R. J., Falhammar, H., Flück, C. E., Guasti, L., Huebner, A., Kortmann, B. B. M., et al. (2022) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnab016 · Cited by 556
Monocytes and Macrophages in Pregnancy and Pre-Eclampsia
Faas, M. M., Spaans, F., & de Vos, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00298 · Cited by 507
Identification of Fetal DNA and Cells in Skin Lesions from Women with Systemic Sclerosis
Artlett, C. M., Smith, J. B., & Jiménez, S. A. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199804233381704 · Cited by 475
Microchimerism of maternal origin persists into adult life
Maloney, S., Smith, A. G., Fürst, D. E., Myerson, D., Rupert, K., Evans, P. C., & Nelson, J. L. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci6611 · Cited by 450
Disorders of sex development: a new definition and classification
Hughes, I. A. (2008) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2007.11.001 · Cited by 440
Sex redefined
Ainsworth, C. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/518288a · Cited by 435
An innate view of human pregnancy
Sacks, G. P., Sargent, I. L., & Redman, C. W. G. (1999) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/s0167-5699(98)01393-0 · Cited by 421
Long-Term Fetal Microchimerism in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Subsets in Healthy Women and Women With Scleroderma
Evans, P. C., Lambert, N. C., Maloney, S., Furst, D. E., Moore, J. M., & Nelson, J. L. (1999) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v93.6.2033.406k18_2033_2037 · Cited by 388
PCR Quantitation of Fetal Cells in Maternal Blood in Normal and Aneuploid Pregnancies
Bianchi, D. W., Williams, J. M., SULLIVAN, L. M., Hanson, F. W., Klinger, K. W., & Shuber, A. P. (1997) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/514885 · Cited by 363
Self-citation
Two-way cell traffic between mother and fetus: biologic and clinical implications
Lo, Y. M. D., Lo, E., Watson, N., Noakes, L., Sargent, I., Thilaganathan, B., & Wainscoat, J. (1996) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v88.11.4390.bloodjournal88114390 · Cited by 360
Regulatory T cell memory
Rosenblum, M. D., Way, S. S., & Abbas, A. K. (2015) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2015.1 · Cited by 358
Autoimmune disease and gender: Plausible mechanisms for the female predominance of autoimmunity
Quintero, O. L., Amador-Patarroyo, M. J., Montoya-Ortiz, G., Rojas‐Villarraga, A., & Anaya, J. (2011) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2011.10.003 · Cited by 331
The gestational foundation of sex differences in development and vulnerability
DiPietro, J. A., & Voegtline, K. M. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.068 · Cited by 316
The environment and autoimmune thyroid diseases
Prummel, M. F., Strieder, T. G. A., & Wiersinga, W. M. (2004) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1500605 · Cited by 298
Somatic mosaicism: implications for disease and transmission genetics
Campbell, I. M., Shaw, C. A., Stankiewicz, P., & Lupski, J. R. (2015) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2015.03.013 · Cited by 296
Kinetics of fetal cellular and cell‐free DNA in the maternal circulation during and after pregnancy: implications for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis
Ariga, H., Ohto, H., Busch, M. P., Imamura, S., Watson, R., Reed, W., & Lee, T. (2001) · Transfusion · doi:10.1046/j.1537-2995.2001.41121524.x · Cited by 276
Survival of Donor Leukocyte Subpopulations in Immunocompetent Transfusion Recipients: Frequent Long-Term Microchimerism in Severe Trauma Patients
Lee, T., Paglieroni, T. G., Ohto, H., Holland, P. V., & Busch, M. P. (1999) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v93.9.3127 · Cited by 275
Microchimerism of presumed fetal origin in thyroid specimens from women: a case-control study
Srivatsa, B., Srivatsa, S., Johnson, K. L., Samura, O., Lee, S. L., & Bianchi, D. W. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)07099-4 · Cited by 274
Self-citation
Microchimerism in female bone marrow and bone decades after fetal mesenchymal stem-cell trafficking in pregnancy
O’Donoghue, K., Chan, J. K. Y., de la Fuente, J., Kennea, N. L., Sandison, A., Anderson, J. R., Roberts, I. A. G., & Fisk, N. M. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16631-2 · Cited by 271
The immunology of successful pregnancy
van Nieuwenhoven, A. L. V. (2003) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmg026 · Cited by 270
How immune mechanisms are affected by pregnancy
Luppi, P. (2003) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00331-1 · Cited by 269
Transfer of Fetal Cells With Multilineage Potential to Maternal Tissue
Khosrotehrani, K. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.1.75 · Cited by 268
Immunological implications of pregnancy-induced microchimerism
Kinder, J. M., Stelzer, I. A., Arck, P., & Way, S. S. (2017) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2017.38 · Cited by 266
Maternal–fetal immunology and autoimmune disease. Is some autoimmune disease auto‐alloimmune or allo‐autoimmune?
Nelson, J. L. (1996) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.1780390203 · Cited by 258
The use of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in maternal blood for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis
Wright, C. F., & Burton, H. (2008) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmn047 · Cited by 255
Gimme shelter: the immune system during pregnancy
Muñoz-Suano, A., Hamilton, A. B., & Betz, A. G. (2011) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01002.x · Cited by 264
Prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia by analysis of fetal cells in maternal blood
Cheung, M., Goldberg, J. D., & Kan, Y. W. (1996) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1196-264 · Cited by 249
Disturbed Feto-Maternal Cell Traffic in Preeclampsia
Holzgreve, W., GHEZZI, F., NARO, E. D., GÄNSHIRT, D., MAYMON, E., & HAHN, S. (1998) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00068-4 · Cited by 247
Mitochondrial function in immune cells in health and disease
Faas, M. M., & de Vos, P. (2020) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165845 · Cited by 252
Fetal DNA in skin of polymorphic eruptions of pregnancy
Aractingi, S., Berkane, N. B., Bertheau, P., Goué, C. L., Dausset, J. B., Uzan, S., & Carosella, E. D. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)05121-6 · Cited by 245
Quantitative Analysis of the Bidirectional Fetomaternal Transfer of Nucleated Cells and Plasma DNA
Lo, Y. M. D., Lau, T. K., Chan, L. Y. S., Leung, T. N., & Chang, A. M. Z. (2000) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/46.9.1301 · Cited by 248
Human leukocyte antigen matching and fetal loss: results of a 10 year prospective study
Ober, C., Hyslop, T., Elias, S., WEITKAMP, L. R., & Hauck, W. W. (1998) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/13.1.33 · Cited by 236
Survival after T cell–depleted haploidentical stem cell transplantation is improved using the mother as donor
Stern, M., Ruggeri, L., Mancusi, A., Bernardo, M. E., Angelis, C. D., Bucher, C. M., Locatelli, F., Aversa, F., & Velardi, A. (2008) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2008-01-135285 · Cited by 230
Sexual orientation, fraternal birth order, and the maternal immune hypothesis: A review
Bogaert, A. F., & Skorska, M. N. (2011) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.02.004 · Cited by 232
The influence of maternal prenatal and early childhood nutrition and maternal prenatal stress on offspring immune system development and neurodevelopmental disorders
Marques, A. H., O'Connor, T. G., Roth, C., Susser, E., & Bjørke-Monsen, A.-L. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00120 · Cited by 226
Hashimotos Thyroiditis: From Genes to the Disease
Zaletel, K., & Gaberšček, S. (2011) · Current Genomics · doi:10.2174/138920211798120763 · Cited by 221
Circulating Fetal DNA: Its Origin and Diagnostic Potential—A Review
Bianchi, D. W. (2004) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2004.01.005 · Cited by 212
Self-citation
Genetic analysis of patients with defects in early B‐cell development
Conley, M. E., Broides, A., Hernandez-Trujillo, V. P., Howard, V. C., Kanegane, H., Miyawaki, T., & Shurtleff, S. A. (2005) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00233.x · Cited by 208
Nutritionally Mediated Programming of the Developing Immune System
Palmer, A. C. (2011) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.111.000570 · Cited by 198
Stem cells in cutaneous wound healing
Cha, J., & Falanga, V. (2007) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.10.002 · Cited by 198
Stem Cells Are Units of Natural Selection in a Colonial Ascidian
Laird, D. J., Tomaso, A. W. D., & Weissman, I. L. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.10.026 · Cited by 198
Pregnancy induces minor histocompatibility antigen–specific cytotoxic T cells: implications for stem cell transplantation and immunotherapy
Verdijk, R. M., Kloosterman, A., Pool, J., van der Keur, M., Naipal, A. M. I. H., van Halteren, A. G. S., Brand, A., Mutis, T., & Goulmy, E. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2003-05-1625 · Cited by 198
Prenatal diagnosis: progress through plasma nucleic acids
Lo, Y. M. D., & Chiu, R. W. K. (2006) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1982 · Cited by 197
Autoimmune Mechanisms as the Basis for Human Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
Ansari, A. A., Fett, J. D., Carraway, R. E., Mayne, A. E., Onlamoon, N., & Sundstrom, J. B. (2002) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1385/criai:23:3:301 · Cited by 189
Autoimmune Disease During Pregnancy and the Microchimerism Legacy of Pregnancy
Waldorf, K. M. A., & Nelson, J. L. (2008) · Immunological Investigations · doi:10.1080/08820130802205886 · Cited by 187
The immunobiology of preterm labor and birth: intra-amniotic inflammation or breakdown of maternal–fetal homeostasis
Gomez‐Lopez, N., Galaz, J., Miller, D., Farías, M., Liu, Z., Arenas‐Hernandez, M., Garcia‐Flores, V., Shaffer, Z., Greenberg, J. M., Theis, K. R., et al. (2022) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-22-0046 · Cited by 194
Male homosexuality and maternal immune responsivity to the Y-linked protein NLGN4Y
Bogaert, A. F., Skorska, M. N., Wang, C., Gabrie, J. A., MacNeil, A. J., Hoffarth, M. R., VanderLaan, D. P., Zucker, K. J., & Blanchard, R. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1705895114 · Cited by 188
Fetal cells in the maternal circulation: feasibility for prenatal diagnosis
Bianchi, D. W. (1999) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.1999.01383.x · Cited by 185
Self-citation
Hormonal and reproductive risk factors for development of systemic lupus erythematosus: Results of a population‐based, case–control study
Cooper, G. S., Dooley, M. A., Treadwell, E. L., Clair, E. W. S., & Gilkeson, G. S. (2002) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.10365 · Cited by 181
Fetal stem cells
O’Donoghue, K., & Fisk, N. M. (2004) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2004.06.010 · Cited by 179
Circulating nucleic acids in plasma/serum
Tsang, J. C. H., & Lo, Y. M. D. (2007) · Pathology · doi:10.1080/00313020701230831 · Cited by 179
Naturally acquired microchimerism
Gammill, H. S., & Nelson, J. L. (2009) · The International Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1387/ijdb.082767hg · Cited by 177
Multi-lineage potential of fetal cells in maternal tissue: a legacy in reverse
Khosrotehrani, K., & Bianchi, D. W. (2005) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.02332 · Cited by 177
Self-citation
The otherness of self: microchimerism in health and disease
Nelson, J. L. (2012) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2012.03.002 · Cited by 177
Male microchimerism in healthy women and women with scleroderma: cells or circulating DNA? A quantitative answer
Lambert, N. C., Lo, Y. M. D., Erickson, T. D., Tylee, T. S., Guthrie, K. A., Furst, D. E., & Nelson, J. L. (2002) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2002-01-0295 · Cited by 177
First‐trimester fetal sex determination in maternal serum using real‐time PCR
Costa, J., Benachi, A., Gautier, E., Jouannic, J., Ernault, P., & Dumez, Y. (2001) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/pd.219 · Cited by 172
Engraftment of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells in the bone marrow of a patient with severe idiopathic aplastic anemia improves stroma
Fouillard, L., Bensidhoum, M., Bories, D., Bonte, H., Lopez, M., Moseley, A.-M., Smith, A., Lesage, S., Beaujean, F., Thierry, D., et al. (2003) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2402786 · Cited by 168
Fetal microchimerism and maternal health: A review and evolutionary analysis of cooperation and conflict beyond the womb
Boddy, A. M., Fortunato, A., Sayres, M. W., & Aktipis, A. (2015) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201500059 · Cited by 172
Fetal Microchimerism in the Maternal Mouse Brain: A Novel Population of Fetal Progenitor or Stem Cells Able to Cross the Blood–Brain Barrier?
Tan, X., Liao, H., Sun, L. J., Okabe, M., Xiao, Z., & Dawe, G. S. (2005) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1634/stemcells.2004-0169 · Cited by 158
Somatic Epidermal Stem Cells Can Produce Multiple Cell Lineages During Development
Liang, L., & Bickenbach, J. R. (2002) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1634/stemcells.20-1-21 · Cited by 158
Mesenchymal Stem Cells and the Treatment of Cardiac Disease
Minguell, J. J., & Erices, A. A. (2006) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/153537020623100105 · Cited by 148
Aetiology and risk factors of peripartum cardiomyopathy: A systematic review
Ntusi, N., & Mayosi, B. M. (2008) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.06.054 · Cited by 148
Current Understanding of an Emerging Role of HLA-DRB1 Gene in Rheumatoid Arthritis–From Research to Clinical Practice
Wysocki, T., Olesińska, M., & Paradowska‐Gorycka, A. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9051127 · Cited by 146
Maternal microchimerism in healthy adults in lymphocytes, monocyte/macrophages and NK cells
Loubière, L. S., Lambert, N. C., Flinn, L. J., Erickson, T. D., Yan, Z., Guthrie, K. A., Vickers, K., & Nelson, J. L. (2006) · Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1038/labinvest.3700471 · Cited by 150
Feasibility of HLA-haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation between noninherited maternal antigen (NIMA)-mismatched family members linked with long-term fetomaternal microchimerism
Ichinohe, T. (2004) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2004-03-1212 · Cited by 146
Male microchimerism in women without sons: Quantitative assessment and correlation with pregnancy history
Yan, Z., Lambert, N. C., Guthrie, K. A., Porter, A. J., Loubière, L. S., Madeleine, M. M., Stevens, A. M., Hermes, H. M., & Nelson, J. L. (2005) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.03.037 · Cited by 143
Fetal DNA in maternal plasma: biology and diagnostic applications
Lo, Y. M. D. (2000) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/46.12.1903 · Cited by 142
Prenatal diagnosis using cell‐free nucleic acids in maternal body fluids: A decade of progress
Maron, J. L., & Bianchi, D. W. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C Seminars in Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.30115 · Cited by 141
Self-citation
Cutting Edge: Persistent Fetal Microchimerism in T Lymphocytes Is Associated with HLA-DQA1*0501: Implications in Autoimmunity
Lambert, N. C., Evans, P. C., Hashizumi, T. L., Maloney, S., Gooley, T., Furst, D. E., & Nelson, J. L. (2000) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.11.5545 · Cited by 141
Georg Schmorl on Trophoblasts in the Maternal Circulation
Lapaire, O., Holzgreve, W., Oosterwijk, J. C., Brinkhaus, R., & Bianchi, D. W. (2006) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2006.02.004 · Cited by 144
Self-citation
Maternal T cells limit engraftment after in utero hematopoietic cell transplantation in mice
Nijagal, A., Wegorzewska, M. M., Jarvis, E., Le, T., Tang, Q., & MacKenzie, T. C. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci44907 · Cited by 137
Fetal Cells Traffic to Injured Maternal Myocardium and Undergo Cardiac Differentiation
Kara, R. J., Bolli, P., Karakikes, I., Matsunaga, I., Tripodi, J., Tanweer, O., Altman, P. R., Shachter, N. S., Nakano, A., Najfeld, V., et al. (2011) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.111.249037 · Cited by 137
Identification of fetal mesenchymal stem cells in maternal blood: implications for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis
O’Donoghue, K. (2003) · Molecular Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/molehr/gag063 · Cited by 137
Maternal cell microchimerism in newborn tissues
Srivatsa, B., Srivatsa, S., Johnson, K. L., & Bianchi, D. W. (2003) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1067/mpd.2003.mpd0327 · Cited by 136
Self-citation
Transplanted human bone marrow contributes to vascular endothelium
Jiang, S., Walker, L., Afentoulis, M. E., Anderson, D. A., Jauron-Mills, L., Corless, C. L., & Fleming, W. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0404398101 · Cited by 133
Infectious Disease Issues in Xenotransplantation
Boneva, R. S., Folks, T. M., & Chapman, L. E. (2001) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.14.1.1-14.2001 · Cited by 133
Impact of Donor and Recipient Sex and Parity on Outcomes of HLA-Identical Sibling Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Loren, A. W., Bunin, G. R., Boudreau, C., Champlin, R. E., Cnaan, A., Horowitz, M. M., Loberiza, F. R., & Porter, D. (2006) · Transplantation and Cellular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2006.03.015 · Cited by 132
Sex bias in autoimmunity
Billi, A. C., Kahlenberg, J. M., & Gudjonsson, J. E. (2018) · Current Opinion in Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/bor.0000000000000564 · Cited by 139
Male Microchimerism in the Human Female Brain
Chan, W. F. N., Gurnot, C., Montine, T. J., Sonnen, J. A., Guthrie, K. A., & Nelson, J. L. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045592 · Cited by 129
Fetal cells in mother rats contribute to the remodeling of liver and kidney after injury
Wang, Y., Iwatani, H., Ito, T., Horimoto, N., Yamato, M., Matsui, I., Imai, E., & Hori, M. (2004) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.105 · Cited by 129
CLINICAL TRANSPLANTATION TOLERANCE TWELVE YEARS AFTER PROSPECTIVE WITHDRAWAL OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS: STUDIES OF CHIMERISM AND ANTI-DONOR REACTIVITY1
Strober, S., Benike, C. J., Krishnaswamy, S., Engleman, E. G., & Grumet, F. C. (2000) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/00007890-200004270-00005 · Cited by 129
On the definition of a criterion of immunogenicity
Pradeu, T., & Carosella, E. D. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0608683103 · Cited by 128
The long and short term effects of motherhood on the brain
Duarte‐Guterman, P., Leuner, B., & Galea, L. A. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.02.004 · Cited by 140
DNA from blood samples can be used to genotype patients who have recently received a transfusion
Reid, M. E., Rios, M., Powell, V. I., Charles‐Pierre, D., & Malavade, V. (2000) · Transfusion · doi:10.1046/j.1537-2995.2000.40010048.x · Cited by 127
Natural history of fetal cell microchimerism during and following murine pregnancy
Khosrotehrani, K., Johnson, K. L., Guégan, S., Stroh, H., & Bianchi, D. W. (2005) · Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jri.2005.02.001 · Cited by 126
Self-citation
Fetal Cells and Cell Free Fetal Nucleic Acids in Maternal Blood: New Tools to Study Abnormal Placentation?
Hahn, S., Huppertz, B., & Holzgreve, W. (2004) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2004.10.017 · Cited by 126
Significant fetal cell microchimerism in a nontransfused woman with hepatitis C: Evidence of long-term survival and expansion
Johnson, K. L., Samura, O., Nelson, L. J., McDonnell, M. W., & Bianchi, D. W. (2002) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.35622 · Cited by 125
Self-citation
Fetal Microchimerism in Women with Breast Cancer
Gadi, V. K., & Nelson, J. L. (2007) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4209 · Cited by 125
Significant fetal-maternal hemorrhage after termination of pregnancy: Implications for development of fetal cell microchimerism
Bianchi, D. W., Farina, A., Weber, W. D., Delli-Bovi, L. C., DeRiso, M., Williams, J. M., & Klinger, K. W. (2001) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1067/mob.2001.111072 · Cited by 124
Self-citation
Interaction of pregnancy and autoimmune rheumatic disease
Østensen, M., Villiger, P. M., & Förger, F. (2011) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.11.013 · Cited by 122
Human uterine stem/progenitor cells: their possible role in uterine physiology and pathology
Maruyama, T., Masuda, H., Ono, M., Kajitani, T., & Yoshimura, Y. (2010) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-09-0438 · Cited by 122
Prenatal typing of Rh and kell blood group system antigens: The edge of a watershed
van der Schoot, C. E., Grootkerk‐Tax, M. G. H. M., Rijnders, R. J. P., de Haas, M., & Christiaens, G. C. M. L. (2003) · Transfusion Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/tmrv.2003.50001 · Cited by 121

Authors: Bianchi, D. W., Zickwolf, G. K., Weil, G. J., Sylvester, S., & DeMaria, M. A.
Affiliations: Boston Children's Hospital (US)
Tufts University (US)
ORCID: Bianchi, D W
Weil, G J
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 1996-01-23
Volume: 93
Issue: 2
Pages: 705-708
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.2.705
PMC: PMC40117
OpenAlex: W2021680265
Cited by: 1,264
References: 18
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 53
FWCI: 38.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: March of Dimes Foundation
National Institutes of Health
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Screening and Diagnostics
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Keywords: fetal microchimerism, maternal blood, CD34+CD38- cells, Y-chromosome DNA, noninvasive prenatal diagnosis, pregnancy, fetal tolerance, CD antigens
MeSH terms: Antigens, Differentiation, Cell Separation, Chimera, DNA, Female, Fetus, Flow Cytometry, Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Humans, Male, Membrane Glycoproteins, N-Glycosyl Hydrolases, Pregnancy, Sex Characteristics, Sex Determination Analysis, Time Factors, Y Chromosome, Antigens, CD, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Antigens, CD34, ADP-ribosyl Cyclase, Postpartum Period, ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Male fetal progenitor cells persist in maternal blood for as long as 27 years postpartum

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks