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Mechanism of oligonucleotide release from cationic liposomes.
Open accessAbstract
We propose a mechanism for oligonucleotide (ODN) release from cationic lipid complexes in cells that accounts for various observations on cationic lipid-nucleic acid-cell interactions. Fluorescent confocal microscopy of cells treated with rhodamine-labeled cationic liposome/ fluorescein-labeled ODN (F-ODN) complexes show the F-ODN separates from the lipid after internalization and enters the nucleus leaving the fluorescent lipid in cytoplasmic structures. ODN displacement from the complex was studied by fluorescent resonance energy transfer. Anionic liposome compositions (e.g., phosphatidylserine) that mimic the cytoplasmic facing monolayer of the cell membrane released ODN from the complex at about a 1:1 (-/+) charge ratio. Release was independent of ionic strength and pH. Physical separation of the F-ODN from monovalent and multivalent cationic lipids was confirmed by gel electrophoresis. Fluid but not solid phase anionic liposomes are required, whereas the physical state of the cationic lipids does not effect the release. Water soluble molecules with a high negative linear charge density, dextran sulfate, or heparin also release ODN. However, ATP, spermidine, spermine, tRNA, DNA, polyglutamic acid, polylysine, bovine serum albumin, or histone did not release ODN, even at 100-fold charge excess (-/+). Based upon these results, we propose that the complex, after internalization by endocytosis, induces flip-flop of anionic lipids from the cytoplasmic facing monolayer. Anionic lipids laterally diffuse into the complex and form a charged neutralized ion-pair with the cationic lipids. This leads to displacement of the ODN from the cationic lipid and its release into the cytoplasm.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Zelphati, O., & Szoka, F. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1996-10-15
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 11493-11498
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC38085
- OpenAlex
- W2018116983
- Cited by
- 634
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 8.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01dk046052-07, 5r01gm030163-11)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM30163)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-46052)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- cationic liposomes, anionic liposomes, phosphatidylserine, lipid flip-flop, endocytosis, nuclear delivery, charge ratio, ion pairing, lipid lateral diffusion, dextran sulfate, heparin, nucleic acid delivery
- MeSH terms
- Base Sequence, Cell Membrane, DNA, Endocytosis, Energy Transfer, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Liposomes, Models, Biological, Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Osmolar Concentration, RNA, Transfer, Serum Albumin, Bovine, Spectrometry, Fluorescence, Spermidine, Spermine, Structure-Activity Relationship, Thionucleotides, Microscopy, Confocal
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