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Melanopsin: An opsin in melanophores, brain, and eye
Open accessAbstract
We have identified an opsin, melanopsin, in photosensitive dermal melanophores of Xenopus laevis . Its deduced amino acid sequence shares greatest homology with cephalopod opsins. The predicted secondary structure of melanopsin indicates the presence of a long cytoplasmic tail with multiple putative phosphorylation sites, suggesting that this opsin’s function may be finely regulated. Melanopsin mRNA is expressed in hypothalamic sites thought to contain deep brain photoreceptors and in the iris, a structure known to be directly photosensitive in amphibians. Melanopsin message is also localized in retinal cells residing in the outermost lamina of the inner nuclear layer where horizontal cells are typically found. Its expression in retinal and nonretinal tissues suggests a role in vision and nonvisual photoreceptive tasks, such as photic control of skin pigmentation, pupillary aperture, and circadian and photoperiodic physiology.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Provencio, I., Jiang, G., De Grip, W. J., Hayes, W. P., & Rollag, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (US)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814; Institute of Cellular Signaling, University of Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
- ORCID
- Provencio, Ignacio
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1998-01-06
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 340-345
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC18217
- OpenAlex
- W1971524741
- Semantic Scholar
- 65bdc3eb7e2fb5d60b2f8f75ea76a9d735399611
- Cited by
- 975
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 6.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Photoreceptor and optogenetics research
- Keywords
- melanopsin, opsin, melanophores, Xenopus laevis, amino acid sequence homology, cytoplasmic tail, phosphorylation sites, retinal horizontal cells, inner nuclear layer, non-visual photoreception, circadian physiology
- MeSH terms
- Melanopsin, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Brain Chemistry, Cells, Cultured, Eye, Melanophores, Molecular Sequence Data, Xenopus laevis, Sequence Alignment, Rod Opsins, In Situ Hybridization, Protein Structure, Secondary, DNA, Complementary
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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