The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Melanopsin: An opsin in melanophores, brain, and eye
Open accessAbstract
We have identified an opsin, melanopsin, in photosensitive dermal melanophores of Xenopus laevis . Its deduced amino acid sequence shares greatest homology with cephalopod opsins. The predicted secondary structure of melanopsin indicates the presence of a long cytoplasmic tail with multiple putative phosphorylation sites, suggesting that this opsin’s function may be finely regulated. Melanopsin mRNA is expressed in hypothalamic sites thought to contain deep brain photoreceptors and in the iris, a structure known to be directly photosensitive in amphibians. Melanopsin message is also localized in retinal cells residing in the outermost lamina of the inner nuclear layer where horizontal cells are typically found. Its expression in retinal and nonretinal tissues suggests a role in vision and nonvisual photoreceptive tasks, such as photic control of skin pigmentation, pupillary aperture, and circadian and photoperiodic physiology.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Visible light synchronizes the human biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus to the solar 24‐hour cycle.”
From The inner clock-Blue light sets the human rhythm (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“It was not until 1998, when a new type of photoreceptor in the human eye was discovered 2 and later identified to be especially sensitive to blue light.”
From The inner clock-Blue light sets the human rhythm (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
Citations
Cites
Basic local alignment search tool
Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W., & Lipman, D. J. (1990) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1990.9999 · Cited by 98,669
Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G., & Gibson, T. J. (1994) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/22.22.4673 · Cited by 64,617
The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees.
Saitou, N., & Nei, M. (1987) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454 · Cited by 59,959
A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein
Kyte, J., & Doolittle, R. F. (1982) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(82)90515-0 · Cited by 22,927
Solubilization of membranes by detergents
Helenius, A., & Simons, K. (1975) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/0304-4157(75)90016-7 · Cited by 2,941
Normal Table of Xenopus Laevis (Daudin)
Gerhart, J. C., & Kirschner, M. W. (2020) · Garland Science eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003064565 · Cited by 1,578
[3] Protein kinase phosphorylation site sequences and consensus specificity motifs: Tabulations
Pearson, R. B., & Kemp, B. E. (1991) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(91)00127-i · Cited by 1,045
Kobilka, B. K., Kobilka, T. S., Daniel, K. W., Regan, J. W., Caron, M. G., & Lefkowitz, R. J. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2836950 · Cited by 763
Effect of Carboxylic Acid Side Chains on the Absorption Maximum of Visual Pigments
Zhukovsky, E. A., & Oprian, D. D. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2573154 · Cited by 482
Karnik, S. S., Sakmar, T. P., Chen, H. B., & Khorana, H. G. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.22.8459 · Cited by 414
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- K Hofmann, W Stoffel Biol Chem Hoppe-Seyler 347, 166 (1993).
- N Saitou, M Nei Mol Biol Evol 4, 406–425 (1987).
- T Yoshikawa, Y Yashiro, T Oishi, K Kokame, Y Fukada Zool Sci 11, 675–680 (1994).
- M Jiang, S Pandey, H K Fong Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 34, 3669–3678 (1993).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 975
Molecules and Photochemical Reactions in Biological Light Perception and Regulation
Björn, L. O. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1468-5_12 · Cited by 1
Sleep and Circadian Profiles of Bipolar Disorder: From Chronobiology to Novel Therapeutic Strategies
Boudebesse, C., Étain, B., Goldstein, T. R., Milhiet, V., Germain, A., Henry, C., Kupfer, D. J., & Leboyer, M. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573400510666140620002502 · Cited by 1
Circadian Photoentrainment Mechanism in Mammals
Liu, Y. H., & Panda, S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-3688-7_17 · Cited by 1
Cassel, W., & Cassel, P. (2018) · Gynäkologische Endokrinologie · doi:10.1007/s10304-018-0221-z · Cited by 1
An Experimental Study on Evaluating Glare in Blue Light Exposure
Miyazaki, D., Ueda, K., Kawamoto, S., Takekawa, W., Ishii, H., & Shimoda, H. (2019) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20441-9_12 · Cited by 1
Circadian Rhythm and the Physiology and Pathology of Eye
Wang, H., Wang, N., & Wu, H. J. (2019) · Advances in visual science and eye diseases · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-7896-6_8 · Cited by 1
Timeline der Forschung zum Thema „Licht und seine Wirkung auf den Schlaf“
Özgüc, R., & Owczarek, M. (2019) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-019-00231-x · Cited by 1
Non-Image Forming Vision in Vertebrates
Lucas, R. J., Gardasevic, M., & McDowell, R. J. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.24232-6 · Cited by 1
Biological Timekeeping: Scientific Background
Brown, M., & Matveyenko, A. V. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43803-6_1 · Cited by 1
OBSOLETE: Eye Evolution in Animals
Nilsson, D. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.00013-4 · Cited by 1
Action of Light on the Neuroendocrine Axis
Hannibal, J. (2020) · Masterclass in neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55643-3_8 · Cited by 1
Sato, M. M. (2021) · Current Oral Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40496-021-00298-2 · Cited by 1
The GSK3β pathway in optic nerve regeneration
(2020) · Archives of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.46439/ophthalmology.2.009 · Cited by 1
Melanopsin expression in the retinas of owls with different daily activity patterns
Naman, M. J. V., de Assis, L. V. M., Hauzman, E., Baron, J., Ventura, D. F., Castrucci, A. M. D. L., & Bonci, D. M. O. (2022) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1016/j.jpap.2022.100155 · Cited by 1
Pollution lumineuse : intérêt du modèle félin comme animal sentinelle
Rosolen, S. G. (2023) · Bulletin de l Académie Nationale de Médecine · doi:10.1016/j.banm.2023.03.025 · Cited by 1
Phototaxis and phototransduction mechanisms in the model system C. elegans
Ward, A. H. (2010) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 1
Photochemical Reactions in Biological Light Perception and Regulation
Björn, L. O. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-72655-7_10 · Cited by 1
High Potassium Treatment Resets the Circadian Oscillator in Xenopus Retinal Photoreceptors
Hasegawa, M., & Cahill, G. M. (2004) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730404264774 · Cited by 1
Relationships between the diversity of the opsins and that of photoreceptive systems
Koyanagi, M. (2008) · Hikaku seiri seikagaku(Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry) · doi:10.3330/hikakuseiriseika.25.50 · Cited by 1
Melanosome transfer, photoreception and toxicity assays in melanophores
Hedberg, D. (2009) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University) · Cited by 1
A POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPING A NATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
Smith, R. H. (1998) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 1
Lei, S. (2016) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1
Sensitization and Photophobia in Migraine
Schain, A. J., & Burstein, R. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118967225.ch7 · Cited by 1
Vandewalle, G., van Ackeren, M. J., Daneault, V., Hull, J. T., Albouy, G., Leporé, F., Doyon, J., Czeisler, C. A., Dumont, M., Carrier, J., et al. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/175851 · Cited by 1
Influence of Light Exposure on the Melanopsin Driven Pupil Response and Circadian Rhythm
Abbott, K. S. (2018) · Masters Thesis · Cited by 1
Information content of downwelling skylight for non-imaging visual systemsPreprint
Thiermann, R., Sweeney, A., & Murugan, A. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/408989 · Cited by 1
Adaptive thermogenesis in mice requires adipocyte light-sensing via Opsin 3Preprint
Nayak, G., Vemaraju, S., Zhang, K. X., Odaka, Y., Buhr, E. D., Holt-Jones, A., Smith, A. N., Upton, B. A., Zhan, J. J., Díaz, N. M., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/721381 · Cited by 1
Stevenson, T. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197665572.002.0015 · Cited by 1
Selective wavelength pupillometry to evaluate outer and inner retinal photoreception
Kawasaki, A. (2013) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Molecular Aspects of Evolution and Diversity of Animal Photoreception
Shichida, Y., Yamashita, T., Imai, H., & Kishida, T. (2013) · SpringerBriefs in biology · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-54222-3_1
Bi, W. (2012) · City Research Online (City University London)
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells: Diversity of form and function
Schmidt, T. M. (2010) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Investigation of light inputs into plant circadian clocks
Dixon, L. E. (2011) · ERA
Molecular insights into the eye evolution of bivalvian molluscs
Keller, L. E. (2006) · edoc (University of Basel) · doi:10.5451/unibas-004215045
Retina de aves como sistema circadiano e sua modulação por luz e glutamato
de Lima, L. H. R. G. (2009) · doi:10.11606/t.41.2009.tde-26112009-141152
Envolvimento de Rac1 na excitotoxicidade induzida por NMDA na retina de ratos.
Saito, K. C. (2011) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2011.tde-10022012-132908
Markwell, E. L. (2011) · QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology)
Rupp, A. C., & Hattar, S. S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1218-6_10
Lewczuk, B. (2007) · Medycyna Weterynaryjna
dos Santos, L. R. (2010) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.41.2010.tde-09022011-104538
Deep Brain Photoreceptors in Vertebrates.
OKANO, Y., & Fukada, Y. (1999) · Seibutsu Butsuri · doi:10.2142/biophys.39.246
Molecular phylogeny and functions of visual and non-visual opsin genes
Kojima, D. (2006) · Hikaku seiri seikagaku(Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry) · doi:10.3330/hikakuseiriseika.23.122
Bluhm, A. P. C. (2008) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.41.2008.tde-26022009-142002
The evolution of the melanopsin gene family (OPN4m and OPN4x) in vertebrates
Carlos, R., & Pinto, B. (2012)
Circadian Photoreception: From Phototransduction to Behaviour
van Diepen, H. C., Meijer, J. H., Peirson, S. N., & Foster, F. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9613-7_3
Functional Characterization of Teleost Intrinsic Photosensitive Dermal Chromatophores
Chen, S. (2013) · QSpace (Queen's University Library)
DifferentialExpressionofTwoDistinctFunctionalIsoforms ofMelanopsin(Opn4)intheMammalianRetina
Peirson, S. N., & Hankins, M. W. (2009)
Domestication and the evolution of the chicken intestine
deMena, J. (2025) · Library, Museums and Press - UDSpace (University of Delaware) · doi:10.58088/09yx-qn19
WITHDRAWN: Clinical Utility/Relevance of Cell Biology Techniques
Mitchell, M. G. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801853-8.00001-6
Deciphering Irradiance Detection in the Mammalian Retina
Lucas, R. J., Vallone, D., & Foulkes, N. S. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374169-1.00012-6
Functional genomics of the avian circadian system
Bailey, M. (2006) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries)
Mezzalira, N. (2016) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.41.2016.tde-15032016-105421
Hop to It: Add Blue to Your Blues
Wang, F. M. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus · doi:10.3928/01913913-20160328-02
Immunocytochemical Localization of Melanopsin-immunoreactive Neurons in the Mouse Visual Cortex
Lee, W.-S., Noh, E.-J., Seo, Y.-D., Jeong, S.-J., Lee, E.-S., & Jeon, C. (2013) · Journal of Life Science · doi:10.5352/jls.2013.23.6.804
The Pineal Gland Energy Transducer
Wisneski, L., & Wisneski, L. (2017) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315153889-13
MASKING AND ITS NEURAL SUBSTRATES IN DAY- AND NIGHT-ACTIVE MAMMALS
Langel, J. (2016) · Michigan State University Libraries · doi:10.25335/7arv-cn32
The Role of Melanopsin and Other Opsins in Circadian Clock Resetting
Provencio, I. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0937-0_44
Self-citationChromatic Properties of Bipolar Cells in the Mouse Retina
Breuninger, T. (2011) · heiDOK (Heidelberg University) · doi:10.11588/heidok.00011553
Phototransduction and brain circuitry of non-image-forming vision
Xue, T., Huan, Z. H. A. O., Hu, J., Ma, Y., Cai, Y., Bao, J., & Kai, A. N. (2017) · Scientia Sinica Vitae · doi:10.1360/n052016-00359
Moshirpour, M. (2017) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/26778
Źródła światła i ich wpływ na narząd wzroku
Otowski, W., & Lewińska, G. (2017) · Technical Transactions · doi:10.4467/2353737xct.17.062.6373
22‐3: Invited Paper : Color Quality Evaluation Methods for (Tunable) White‐Light Sources
Teunissen, K. (2017) · SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers · doi:10.1002/sdtp.11630
Novel pupillometry protocols for the early detection of melanopsin dysfunction in glaucoma
Adhikari, P. (2017) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.102656
(2016) · Human factors and ergonomics · doi:10.1201/9781315374000-7
Spiridon, E. (2017) · Liverpool John Moores University · doi:10.24377/ljmu.t.00006829
An Evaluation of Melanopsin Function and Light Exposure in Depressive Disorders
Ojha, G. (2017) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.107922
Early and late responses to timed alkylation damage in alkyladenine DNA glycosylase animal models.
Aljohani, A. S. M. (2017) · Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey)
da Costa, M. R. J. (2016) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.41.2016.tde-07122016-093720
Efeito da luz e endotelina no mecanismo molecular do relógio em melanóforos de Xenopus laevis
Moraes, M. N. D. C. M. M. (2014) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.41.2014.tde-19032015-153736
Fototransdução em células embrionárias ZEM-2S do peixe teleósteo Danio rerio
Ramos, B. C. R. (2014) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.41.2014.tde-16012015-151748
Lu, M. (2015) · Information Display · doi:10.1002/j.2637-496x.2015.tb00853.x
de Assis, L. V. M. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.41.2019.tde-07052019-151824
Herman, J. H. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-0318-0.00005-x
Diseases and Repair Approaches in Vision
Lamba, D. A., & Reh, T. A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.23901-1
Dumpala, S. (2020) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.203959
Regulation of the TRP calcium channel by eye‐PKC in Drosophila
Popescu, D. C., & Shieh, B. (2006) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.20.4.a495-c
Melanopsin photoreceptor contributions to brightness perception and photophobia
Dey, A. (2020) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.205723
Corredor, V. H. (2020) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.47.2020.tde-08022021-152740
Pérez‐Moreno, J. L. (2020) · FIU - Digital Commons (Florida International University) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc008966
The Opsins: Lies Between Image Forming and Non-image Forming Process
Naseem, A., & Malik, S. (2021) · International Journal of Zoological Investigations · doi:10.33745/ijzi.2021.v07i02.009
Schlafstörungen in der Gynäkologie: Kindheit, Jugend, Fruchtbarkeit
Cassel, W., & Cassel, P. (2021) · Der Gynäkologe · doi:10.1007/s00129-021-04843-z
第3 の光受容器・内因性光感受性網膜神経節細胞の発見と脳機能との関わり
元晴, 高. (2021) · doi:10.50860/jjho.48.1_159
Antiproliferative effect of cryptococcosis in chronic lumphocytic leukemia.
Stypulkowski, C., Jordan, M., Steczko, J., & Komala, Z. (1971) · PubMed
Zhang, Q., Wu, Y., Li, W., Wang, J., Zhou, H., Zhang, L., Liu, Q., Liu, Y., & Yan, H. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1208058/v1
General Features of Rhythms: Terminology and Characteristics
(2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4701-5_2
Melanopsin Retinal Ganglion Cells
Lucas, R. J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27851-8_275-2
Metadata
- Authors
- Provencio, I., Jiang, G., De Grip, W. J., Hayes, W. P., & Rollag, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (US)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814; Institute of Cellular Signaling, University of Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
- ORCID
- Provencio, Ignacio
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1998-01-06
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 340-345
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC18217
- OpenAlex
- W1971524741
- Semantic Scholar
- 65bdc3eb7e2fb5d60b2f8f75ea76a9d735399611
- Cited by
- 975
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 6.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Photoreceptor and optogenetics research
- Keywords
- melanopsin, opsin, melanophores, Xenopus laevis, amino acid sequence homology, cytoplasmic tail, phosphorylation sites, retinal horizontal cells, inner nuclear layer, non-visual photoreception, circadian physiology
- MeSH terms
- Melanopsin, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Brain Chemistry, Cells, Cultured, Eye, Melanophores, Molecular Sequence Data, Xenopus laevis, Sequence Alignment, Rod Opsins, In Situ Hybridization, Protein Structure, Secondary, DNA, Complementary
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review