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System xc− and Thioredoxin Reductase 1 Cooperatively Rescue Glutathione Deficiency
Open accessAbstract
GSH is the major antioxidant and detoxifier of xenobiotics in mammalian cells. A strong decrease of intracellular GSH has been frequently linked to pathological conditions like ischemia/reperfusion injury and degenerative diseases including diabetes, atherosclerosis, and neurodegeneration. Although GSH is essential for survival, the deleterious effects of GSH deficiency can often be compensated by thiol-containing antioxidants. Using three genetically defined cellular systems, we show here that forced expression of xCT, the substrate-specific subunit of the cystine/glutamate antiporter, in gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase knock-out cells rescues GSH deficiency by increasing cellular cystine uptake, leading to augmented intracellular and surprisingly high extracellular cysteine levels. Moreover, we provide evidence that under GSH deprivation, the cytosolic thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase system plays an essential role for the cells to deal with the excess amount of intracellular cystine. Our studies provide first evidence that GSH deficiency can be rescued by an intrinsic genetic mechanism to be considered when designing therapeutic rationales targeting specific redox enzymes to combat diseases linked to GSH deprivation.
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“NAC also participates to the control of the intracellular redox state by supplying cysteine into the cystine/cysteine redox couple (Mandal et al., 2010).”
From Redox dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and NMDA receptor hypofunction: A “central hub” in schizophrenia pathophysiology? (2016) · cites this paper as Mandal et al., 2010
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mandal, P. K., Seiler, A., Perisic, T., Kölle, P., Banjac Canak, A., Förster, H., Weiss, N., Kremmer, E., Lieberman, M. W., Bannai, S., Kuhlencordt, P., Sato, H., Bornkamm, G. W., & Conrad, M.
- Affiliations
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Houston Methodist (US)
- Yamagata University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Conrad, Marcus
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-07
- Volume
- 285
- Issue
- 29
- Pages
- 22244-22253
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2903358
- OpenAlex
- W1995185113
- Cited by
- 269
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Site cant be reached (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Deutsche Krebshilfe
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Sulfur Compounds in Biology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glutathione Transferases and Polymorphisms
- Keywords
- glutathione deficiency, SLC7A11, thioredoxin reductase 1, thioredoxin, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, cystine uptake, redox homeostasis, thiol antioxidants, glutathione synthesis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, oxidative enzymes
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cysteine, Extracellular Space, Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase, Glutathione, Cell Death, Coculture Techniques, Buthionine Sulfoximine, Amino Acid Transport System y+, Intracellular Space, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Mice, Thioredoxin Reductase 1, Thioredoxin Reductase 2
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