Murine Sall1 represses transcription by recruiting a histone deacetylase complex
Open accessAbstract
The multi-zinc finger proteins of the Sal family regulate organogenesis. Genetic evidence from Drosophila has shown that spalt (sal) can alter gene expression in a cell autonomous fashion, but Sal proteins have never been directly analyzed for their ability to activate or repress transcription. In this report, we show that a member of the Sal family, mouse Sall1, is a potent transcriptional repressor. When fused to a heterologous DNA-binding domain, Sall1 represses transcription of a luciferase reporter by over 100-fold. Expression of the N terminus alone is sufficient for dose-responsive repression that, as shown by deletion analysis, requires the extreme N-terminal amino acids of the protein. The N terminus of Sall1 can repress at both short and long range relative to the promoter, and treatment with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, trichostatin A, alleviates repression by 3-fold. The same regions of the protein that are required for repression physically interact with components of chromatin remodeling complexes, HDAC1, HDAC2, RbAp46/48, MTA-1, and MTA-2. Finally, we demonstrate that Sall1 is localized to discrete nuclear foci and this localization depends on the N-terminal repression domain. Together, these results suggest that the N terminus of mouse Sall1 can recruit HDAC complexes to mediate transcriptional repression.
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Sall1 and Sall4 both interact biochemically with the NuRD complex.
“Sall1 and Sall4 have both been shown to interact biochemically with the Nucleosome Remodelling and Deacetylase (NuRD) complex.”
From Sall4 controls differentiation of pluripotent cells independently of the Nucleosome Remodelling and Deacetylation (NuRD) complex (2016) · cites this paper as Kiefer et al., 2002
The results (section headed Fig. 2; page unavailable) show biochemical binding of Sall1 to NuRD-associated components MTA1 and MTA2, but report that Mi2 was not detected and describe the complex as likely resembling NuRD. The paper does not report a Sall4 interaction, so it does not support the claim about both proteins. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSALL proteins are C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factors important for embryogenesis.
“Spalt-like (SALL) proteins are C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factors important for embryogenesis”
From Tetramerisation governs SALL transcription factor function in development and disease (2025) · cites this paper as [2]
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BackgroundInfluentialFOG‐1 recruits the NuRD repressor complex to mediate transcriptional repression by GATA‐1
Wei, H., Nakazawa, M., Chen, Y., Kori, R., Vakoc, C. R., Rakowski, C., & Blobel, G. A. (2005) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600703 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
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“*These authors contributed equally to this work †Author for correspondence (e-mail: ryuichi@kaiju.medic.kumamoto-u.ac.jp) Accepted 24 May 2006 D E V E LO P M E N T 3006 transcriptional repressor by localizing in the heterochromatin and interacting with components of chromatin remodeling complexes such as histone deace…”
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“Recently, it has been reported that the amino-terminal region of Sall1 is required for the interaction with a corepressor complex containing HDAC1/2, RbAp46/48 and MTA1/2 (Kiefer et al., 2002), which may be the NuRD complex core.”
BackgroundMethodBmi-1 is a target gene for SALL4 in hematopoietic and leukemic cells
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“In support of this idea, mutations that cause TBS could result in production of a truncated protein encoding the N-terminus of SALL1, the region that we have shown mediates transcriptional repression ( 1 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe vertebrate spalt genes in development and disease
Sweetman, D., & Münsterberg, A. (2006) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.02.009 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“The possible existence of a splice variant of Kiefer et al., 2003; Sweetman et al., 2003) FGFs/Wnts(Farrelland Münsterberg, 2000) Limb patterning (McLeskey Kiefer et al., 2003), kidney development (Nishinakamura et al., 2001) HDAC (McLeskey Kiefer et al., 2002) BMP(Capdevila et al., 1999) UBE21, SUMO-1(Netzer et al.,…”
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“These include Evi9/BCL11, that interacts with BCL6 (13), Friend of GATA1-2 (FOG-2), (14) and members of the Sal family (SaI1, Splat) known to interact with the histone deacetylase, HDAC (15).”
Genetic analysis of adrenal absence: agenesis and aplasia
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“Sall-NuRD interaction is that Sall proteins recruit NuRD to influence transcription of their target genes (Kiefer et al., 2002; Kloet et al., 2015; Lauberth and Rauchman, 2006; Lu et al., 2009; Yuri et al., 2009).”
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Sall1 Regulates Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation in Association with Nanog
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“, 2006), and at least Sall1 is known to recruit HDACs in the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase corepressor complex (Kiefer et al., 2002; Lauberth and Rauchman, 2006).”
Backgroundsall4acts downstream oftbx5and is required for pectoral fin outgrowth
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“As sall1a and sall4 are zinc-finger transcription factors they are good candidates to directly positively regulate the expression of fgfr2, although conflicting data exists regarding whether Sall genes act as transcriptional activators or repressors (Kiefer et al., 2002; Li et al., 2004; Netzer et al., 2001; Onai et a…”
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“Inactivation of Dnmt3a and -3b also resulted in demethylation of a differentially methylated region in Igf2 (34).”
BackgroundInfluentialIdentification of genes differentially expressed in testes containing carcinoma in situ.
Hoei-Hansen, C., Nielsen, J., Almstrup, K., Hansen, M. A., Skakkebaek, N., Meyts, E. R.-D., & Leffers, H. (2004) · Molecular human reproduction · doi:10.1093/molehr/gah059 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Murine Sall1 represses transcription by recruiting a histone deacetylase complex ( Kiefer et al., 2002 ).”
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“The first two zinc fingers of the Drosophila Spalt-related gene product have been shown to possess DNA binding activity, and potent transcriptional repression activity has been demonstrated for the N-terminal regions of human SALL1, murine Sall1, and chicken cSal-1 and cSal-3 proteins (2, 20 , 41, 52).”
BackgroundInfluentialSall1 balances self-renewal and differentiation of renal progenitor cells
Basta, J., Robbins, L., Kiefer, S. M., Dorsett, D., & Rauchman, M. (2014) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.095851 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
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“2D), lacking (splice “b”) or not (splice “a”) a conserved 12-amino acids motif found in the N terminus of SALL proteins that has been involved in the recruitment of the NuRD complex and MTA1 (12, 13).”
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“Several transcriptional repressors are localized in subnuclear domains, including Sall1, RGS12TS-S, and Hr (4, 11, 17).”
BackgroundSweetman, D., Smith, T., Farrell, E. R., Chantry, A., & Münsterberg, A. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m209066200 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
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“et al. Genes to Cells (2007) 12 , 171–182 © 2007 The Authors Journal compilation © 2007 by the Molecular Biology Society of Japan/Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 172 2001; Kiefer et al. 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialSall1-dependent signals affect Wnt signaling and ureter tip fate to initiate kidney development
Kiefer, S. M., Robbins, L., Stumpff, K., Lin, C.-X., Ma, L., & Rauchman, M. (2010) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.037812 · Cited by 50
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“Thus, all 21 SALL1mutant alleles encode truncated protein products that contain at least the first zinc finger.”
BackgroundInfluentialEssential Roles of Sall Family Genes in Kidney Development
Nishinakamura, R., & Osafune, K. (2006) · The Journal of Physiological Sciences · doi:10.2170/physiolsci.m95 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“It was reported that Sall1 also functions as a transcriptional repressor by localizing in the heterochromatin and interacting with the components of chromatin remodeling complexes, such as histone deacetylase (HDAC)1, HDAC2, retinoblastoma-associated protein 46/48 (RbAp46/48), metastasis-associated protein (MTA)1, and…”
BackgroundExpression of Xenopus XlSALL4 during limb development and regeneration
Neff, A. W., King, M. W., Harty, M. W., Nguyen, T., Calley, J. N., Smith, R. C., & Mescher, A. L. (2005) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/dvdy.20363 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Mouse SALL1 mutants express truncated proteins that act as dominant-negative repressors (Kiefer et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMi-2/NuRD is required in renal progenitor cells during embryonic kidney development
Denner, D. R., & Rauchman, M. I. (2012) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.11.018 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Sall1 is a potent transcriptional repressor that interacts with the Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase (NuRD) complex via a conserved 12-amino acid motif to regulate gene expression (Kiefer et al., 2002; Lauberth et al., 2007; Lauberth and Rauchman, 2006).”
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“The gel was transferred to nitrocellulose, blocked in 3% nonfat dry milk, and incubated with the previously described anti-Sall1 N-terminal antibody [Kiefer et al., 2002].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationTruncated SALL1 Impedes Primary Cilia Function in Townes-Brocks Syndrome
Bozal‐Basterra, L., Martín‐Ruiz, I., Pirone, L., Liang, Y., Sigurðsson, J. O., Gonzalez-Santamarta, M., Giordano, I., Gabicagogeascoa, E., de Luca, A., Rodríguez, J. A., et al. (2018) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.12.017 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Most cases of TBS exhibit a monoallelic truncation of SALL1, i.e., the presence of both truncated and FL forms of SALL1.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSpalt-like 4 promotes posterior neural fates via repression of pou5f3 family members in Xenopus
Young, J. J., Kjolby, R. A. S., Kong, N. R., Monica, S. D., & Harland, R. M. (2014) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.099374 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sall3 is required for the terminal maturation of olfactory glomerular interneurons
Harrison, S. J., Parrish, M. E., & Monaghan, A. P. (2008) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21650 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Members of the Sall gene family can interact at the protein level (Kiefer et al., 2002; Sakaki-Yumoto et al., 2006; Sweetman et al., 2003) and have been implicated in diverse cellular processes, including cell cycle regulation, cell fate specification, neuronal differentiation, migration, and cell…”
BackgroundCopf, T., Rabet, N., & Averof, M. (2006) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.07.024 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…complexes and act as strong transcriptional repressors; they are able to recruit histone deacetylase complexes, they co-localize with heterochromatin and with HP1 and they physically interact with a protein that binds to telomeric heterochromatin (Kiefer et al., 2002; Netzer et al., 2001, 2006).”
Terabayashi, T., Sakaguchi, M., Shinmyozu, K., Ohshima, T., Johjima, A., Ogura, T., Miki, H., & Nishinakamura, R. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039714 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Sall1 associates with histone deacetylases, deacetylase corepressor complex, and several components of chromatin remodeling complexes [55–57].”
BackgroundDefining the heterochromatin localization and repression domains of SALL1.
Netzer, C., Bohlander, S., Hinzke, M., Chen, Y., & Kohlhase, J. (2006) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.12.005 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Using similar assay systems, two groups reported that the homologous genes in mouse (Sall1) and chick (csal1) are also potent transcriptional repressors [8,9].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMuñoz-Sanjuán, I., & Brivanlou, A. (2005) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.25.9.3608-3619.2005 · Cited by 27
Freudenburg, W., Gautam, M., Chakraborty, P., James, J., Richards, J. P., Salvatori, A. S., Baldwin, A. C., Schriewer, J. M., Buller, R., Corbett, J., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052408 · Cited by 26
“4B, Calnexin, Sal1), but not the chromatin bound histone H3 (Fig.”
BackgroundInfluentialSynergistic cooperation of Sall4 and Cyclin D1 in transcriptional repression
Böhm, J., Kaiser, F. J., Borozdin, W., Depping, R., & Kohlhase, J. (2007) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.050 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Drosophila Sal and Salr are transcriptional repressors
Sánchez, J., Talamillo, A., González-Lopez, M., Sánchez‐Pulido, L., Jiménez, S., Pirone, L., Sutherland, J. D., & Barrio, R. (2011) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20110229 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lin, Y., Xiao, Y., Lin, C., Zhang, Q., Zhang, S., Pei, F., Liu, H., & Chen, Z. (2020) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1002/stem.3298 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Susan et al demonstrated that the N terminus of mouse SALL1 can recruit HDAC complexes to mediate transcriptional regulation.(54) Interestingly, we also demonstrated that the N terminus of SALL1 is required for the interaction with RUNX2.”
BackgroundHarrison, S. J., Nishinakamura, R., & Monaghan, A. P. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm191 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…has been shown to localize to heterochromatized regions (Kiefer et al. 2002; Sato et al. 2004; Lauberth and Rauchman 2006; Netzer et al. 2006; Yamashita et al. 2007), and to interact with histone deacetylases to mediate transcriptional repression (Kiefer et al. 2002; Lauberth and Rauchman 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhu, H., Qin, N., Xu, X.-X., Sun, X., Chen, X., Zhao, J., Xu, R., & Mishra, B. (2019) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1093/biolre/ioz137 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The SALL proteins have been described as transcriptional repressors because the N-terminal region of the protein contains a highly conserved 12-amino acid motif, which is sufficient for the recruitment of nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase corepressor complex (NuRD) [28], of which SALL1 is capable of binding to βca…”
BackgroundEnhancer function regulated by combinations of transcription factors and cofactors
Nakagawa, T., Yoneda, M., Higashi, M., Ohkuma, Y., & Ito, T. (2018) · Genes to Cells · doi:10.1111/gtc.12634 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Expression of csal1 in pre limb-bud chick embryos
Sweetman, D., Smith, T. G., Farrell, E. R., & Münsterberg, A. (2005) · The International Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1387/ijdb.051985ds · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“0214-6282/2005/$25.00 © UBC Press Printed in Spain www.intjdevbiol.com (McLeskey Kiefer et al., 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialKidney development conserved over species: essential roles of Sall1
Nishinakamura, R. (2003) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/s1084-9521(03)00027-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ferreiro, M. J., Rodríguez‐Ezpeleta, N., Pérez, C., Hackenberg, M., Aransay, A. M., Barrio, R., & Cantera, R. (2012) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-483 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“teins act as transcriptional repressors in Drosophila and vertebrates [31-33].”
BackgroundTranscriptional mechanisms of congenital heart disease
Mandel, E. M., Callis, T. E., Wang, D.-Z., & Conlon, F. L. (2005) · Drug Discovery Today Disease Mechanisms · doi:10.1016/j.ddmec.2005.05.034 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Based on work with the closely related Sall1 ,i t is evident that these mutations probably result in truncated proteins, possibly having the dominant effect of an upregulated repressor [ 27 ].”
BackgroundYang, G.-X., Yin, Y., Tan, Z., Liu, J., Deng, X.-C., & Yang, Y.-F. (2021) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12920-021-00871-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“SALL1, a strong transcriptional repressor, is regulated by the sonic hedgehog pathway, which plays a crucial role in the development of multiple organs [8, 9].”
BackgroundTranscription factors that define the epigenome structures and transcriptomes in microglia
Saeki, K., & Ozato, K. (2025) · Experimental Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2025.104814 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Proteome balance in ciliopathies: the OFD1 protein example
Morleo, M., Pezzella, N., & Franco, B. (2022) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2022.11.007 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Yang, L. M., Stout, L., Rauchman, M., & Ornitz, D. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1002/dvdy.211 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This mutation results in a truncated protein encoding the N-terminus of Sall1, which has been shown to mediate transcriptional repression (Kiefer et al. 2002).”
Self-citationSall1 plays pivotal roles for lens fiber cell differentiation in mouse
Baba, Y., watabe, Y., Sagara, H., & Watanabe, S. (2019) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.098 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Shared features in ear and kidney development – implications for oto-renal syndromes
Wang, S. X., & Streit, A. (2024) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.050447 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
SALL1 functions as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Saito, Y., Miyakawa, S., Ando, S., Kasano-Camones, C. I., Sumardika, I. W., Obayashi, A., Morimoto, A., Kurosawa, A., Sakaguchi, M., Ninomiya, K., et al. (2025) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.152385 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Sun, Z., Diao, Y., Wang, Z.-Y., Yang, X.-D., Jiang, B., Wu, Y.-M., & Liu, G.-Y. (2023) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-023-02874-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Molecular, phylogenetic and developmental analyses of Sall proteins in bilaterians
Lorente-Sorolla, J. M., Truchado-García, M., Perry, K. J., Henry, J. J., & Grande, C. (2018) · EvoDevo · doi:10.1186/s13227-018-0096-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The 12 N-terminal amino acid sequence of the Sall protein is responsible for the repression activity through the recruitment of the histone deacetylase complex NuRD [14], but its function is correlated with its localization in the nucleus, which might be dependent on the ZF1 [13].”
BackgroundInfluentialHuman Cardiac Transcription Factor Networks
Varshney, A., Chahal, G., Santos, L. N., Stolper, J. S., Hallab, J., Nim, H. T., Nikolov, M., Yip, A., & Ramialison, M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11597-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
SALL1 Modulates CBX4 Stability, Nuclear Bodies, and Regulation of Target Genes
Giordano, I., Pirone, L., Muratore, V., Landaluze, E., Pérez, C., Lang, V., Garde-Lapido, E., González-Lopez, M., Barroso-Gomila, O., Vertegaal, A., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.715868 · Cited by 5
“…Buck et al., 2000; Sweetman et al., 2003; Borozdin et al., 2006), and a conserved N-terminal motif that mediates its interaction with one of the major corepressor complexes in mammalian cells, the nucleosome remodeling deacetylase (NuRD) complex (Kiefer et al., 2002; Lauberth and Rauchman, 2006).”
BackgroundResultSall3 Correlates with the Expression of TH in Mouse Olfactory Bulb
Heng, X., Breer, H., Zhang, X., Tang, Y., Li, J., Zhang, S.-F., & Le, W. (2011) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-011-9563-x · Cited by 5
Barman, H. K., Mohapatra, S. D., Chakrapani, V., Mondal, S., Murmu, B., Soren, M. M., Patra, K., & Swain, R. K. (2021) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-021-06657-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Transcriptional Regulation by the Spalt Proteins: Filling Up the Gaps
de Celis, J. D., & Ostal, C. M. (2017) · doi:10.4172/2168-9547.1000196 · Cited by 2
“A recent work indicates that the Spalt proteins regulate the expression of multitude of target genes in the wing epithelium [19,20] (Figure 1).”
BackgroundEmbryonic Stem Cells: Derivation and Properties
Yu, J.-Y., & Thomson, J. (2011) · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-381422-7.10010-0 · Cited by 2
The Dream of Every Chromosome: Equal Segregation for a Healthy Life of the Host
Matsumoto, T., & Yanagida, M. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-3764-3_10 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tetramerisation governs SALL transcription factor function in development and disease
Giuliani, S., Chhatbar, K., Wear, M., Guy, J., Mathieson, T., Burdett, H., George, L., Alston, G., Spanos, C., McHugh, T., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684836
Sall1 regulates microtubule acetylation in mesenchymal cells during mouse urethral development
Acebedo, A. R., Yamada, G., Alcantara, M. C., Raga, D. D., Sato, T., Nishinakamura, R., & Suzuki, K. (2025) · Cells and Development · doi:10.1016/j.cdev.2025.204027
Ostalé, C. M., Azpiazu, N., Peropadre, A., Martín, M., Ruiz-Losada, M., López-Varea, A., Viales, R. R., Girardot, C., Furlong, E., & de Celis, J. D. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.04.30.591908
Chapter 22 – Embryonic Stem Cells: Derivation and Properties
Yu, J.-Y., & Thomson, J. (2013) · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385942-6.00022-6
Lin, F., Patel, V., & Igarashi, P. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-449851-8.00027-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kiefer, S. M., McDill, B. W., Yang, J., & Rauchman, M.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-04
- Volume
- 277
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 14869-14876
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1982719386
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (5T32DK07126, T32DK007126)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Keywords
- SALL1, transcriptional repression, histone deacetylase complex, HDAC1, HDAC2, chromatin remodeling, trichostatin A, nuclear foci, organogenesis, transcriptional regulation
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Cell Nucleus, Enzyme Inhibitors, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Histone Deacetylases, Hydroxamic Acids, Molecular Sequence Data, Transcription Factors, Transcription, Genetic, DNA, Complementary, COS Cells, Mice, Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
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