Annexin XXI (ANX21) of Giardia lamblia Has Sequence Motifs Uniquely Shared by Giardial Annexins and Is Specifically Localized in the Flagella
Open accessAbstract
We have identified a novel annexin, ANX21, in trophozoites of Giardia lamblia. The nucleotide sequence encoding this protein deviated from a published sequence in predicting an additional endonexin fold in the fourth annexin domain. In addition, several motifs exclusively shared by other annexins of G. lamblia in their predicted fourth repeat and predicted to be localized on the opposite (concave) surface of the molecule became apparent. Western blots of trophozoite fractions probed with antiserum against the recombinant protein indicated that this annexin, like the other giardial annexins ANX19 and ANX20, associates with phospholipids in the presence of Ca(2+). Finally, confocal laser scanning of trophozoites showed that the protein, apart from the median body, was exclusively localized in the eight flagella. Together, these data suggest that ANX21 may function as a Ca(2+)-regulated structural element linking phospholipid bilayer and underlying axoneme.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Intact AB loops are unusual in alpha-giardins, with examples found only in alpha-14 giardin.
“Intact AB loops are unusual in alpha-giardins, with examples found only in alpha-14 giardin (17).”
From Comparative Cell Biology and Evolution of Annexins in Diplomonads (2016) · cites this paper as [17]
Cites
Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G., & Gibson, T. J. (1994) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/22.22.4673 · Cited by 64,617 · see citing works
SWISS‐MODEL and the Swiss‐Pdb Viewer: An environment for comparative protein modeling
Guex, N., & Peitsch, M. (1997) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.1150181505 · Cited by 11,589 · see citing works
Matsudaira, P. T. (1987) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61070-1 · Cited by 4,951 · see citing works
NEUHOFF, V., Arold, N., Taube, D., & Ehrhardt, W. (1988) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.1150090603 · Cited by 2,676 · see citing works
Adam, R. D. (2001) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.14.3.447-475.2001 · Cited by 1,218 · see citing works
Axenic culture of Giardia lamblia in TYI-S-33 medium supplemented with bile
Keister, D. B. (1983) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/0035-9203(83)90120-7 · Cited by 986 · see citing works
Annexins and membrane dynamics
Gerke, V., & Moss, S. E. (1997) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/s0167-4889(97)00038-4 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Reconstructing Early Events in Eukaryotic Evolution
Roger, A. J. (1999) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/303290 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
The Giardia genome project database
McArthur, A. G., Morrison, H. G., Nixon, J. E. J., Passamaneck, N. Q. E., Kim, U., Hinkle, G., Crocker, M. K., Holder, M., Farr, R. L., Reich, C. I., et al. (2000) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09242.x · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Douglas, M. G., FINKELSTEIN, D. B., & Butow, R. A. (1979) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(79)56009-1 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Characterisation and purification of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Giardia duodenalis
Townson, S. M., Upcroft, J., & Upcroft, P. (1996) · Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology · doi:10.1016/0166-6851(96)02661-8 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Peattie, D. A., Alonso, R. A., Hein, A., & CAULFIELD, J. P. (1989) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.109.5.2323 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
The C Terminus of Annexin II Mediates Binding to F-actin
Filipenko, N. R., & Waisman, D. M. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m009710200 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Annexins : molecular structure to cellular function
Seaton, B. A. (1996) · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Jost, M., Zeuschner, D., Seemann, J., Weber, K. K., & Gerken, V. (1997) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.110.2.221 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Grundmann, U., Abel, K. J., Bohn, H., Löbermann, H., Lottspeich, F., & Küpper, H. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.11.3708 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Kulda, J., & Nohýnková, E. (1995) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-426020-7.50008-6 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Molecular phylogeny of annexins and identification of a primitive homologue in Giardia lamblia.
(1995) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040290 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Morgan, R. O., & Fernández, M. P. (1997) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/pl00006134 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Purification and characterization of annexin proteins from bovine lung
Khanna, N., Helwig, E. D., Ikebuchi, N. W., Fitzpatrick, S., Bajwa, R., & Waisman, D. M. (1990) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00472a015 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Crossley, R., & Holberton, D. V. (1985) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.78.1.205 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Nohýnková, E., Dráber, P., Reischig, J., & Kulda, J. (2000) · European Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1078/0171-9335-00066 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Boustead, C. M., Walker, J. H., & Geisow, M. J. (1988) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(88)80433-2 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Alonso, R. A., & Peattie, D. A. (1992) · Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology · doi:10.1016/0166-6851(92)90247-h · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Calmodulin-binding properties of the paraflagellar rod complex from Trypanosoma brucei
Ridgley, E. L., Webster, P. C., Patton, C. L., & Ruben, L. (2000) · Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0166-6851(00)00246-2 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Giardins of Giardia lamblia: Genes and proteins with promise
Peattie, D. A. (1990) · Parasitology Today · doi:10.1016/0169-4758(90)90070-k · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Functional identification of α1-giardin as an annexin ofGiardia lamblia
BAUER, B. E., Engelbrecht, S., Bakker-Grunwald, T., & Scholze, H. (1999) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13496.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationTriton-labile antigens in flagella isolated from Giardia lamblia
Clark, J. T., & Holberton, D. V. (1988) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/bf00535140 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Wu, Y., Haghighat, N. G., & Ruben, L. (1992) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2870187 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Differential localization of annexins in ram germ cells: a biochemical and immunocytochemical study.
Feinberg, J. M., Rainteau, D. P., Kaetzel, M. A., Dacheux, J., Dedman, J. R., & Weinman, S. J. (1991) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1177/39.7.1830893 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The cytoskeleton of Giardia lamblia
Elmendorf, H. G., Dawson, S. C., & McCaffery, J. M. (2003) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00228-x · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Annexin-like alpha giardins: a new cytoskeletal gene family in Giardia lamblia
Weiland, M. E.-L., McArthur, A. G., Morrison, H. G., Sogin, M. L., & Svärd, S. G. (2005) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.12.009 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Life with eight flagella: flagellar assembly and division in Giardia
Dawson, S. C., & House, S. A. (2010) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2010.05.014 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
An insider's guide to the microtubule cytoskeleton ofGiardia
Dawson, S. C. (2010) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01458.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Hoeng, J., Dawson, S., House, S. A., Sagolla, M., Pham, J. K., Mancuso, J., Löwe, J., & Cande, W. (2008) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e07-11-1156 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Microtubule organelles in Giardia
Hagen, K. D., McInally, S. G., Hilton, N. A., & Dawson, S. C. (2020) · Advances in Parasitology/Advances in parasitology · doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2019.11.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Vahrmann, A., Šarić, M., Scholze, H., & Koebsch, I. (2007) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-007-0758-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationŠarić, M., Vahrmann, A., Niebur, D., Kluempers, V., Hehl, A. B., & Scholze, H. (2009) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.00136-09 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationPathuri, P., Nguyen, E. T., Ozorowski, G., Svärd, S. G., & Luecke, H. (2009) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2008.11.012 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Helix–helix interfaces and ligand binding
Kurochkina, N. A., & Choekyi, T. (2011) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.05.014 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Comparative Cell Biology and Evolution of Annexins in Diplomonads
Einarsson, E., Ástvaldsson, Á., Hultenby, K., Andersson, J. O., Svärd, S. G., & Jerlström-Hultqvist, J. (2016) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00032-15 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Our study and previous studies of alpha-giardins (4, 6, 17, 21, 30, 32, 34, 35) have provided insights into the functional roles of members of the annexin protein family in diplomonads in particular and eukaryotic cells in general.”
BackgroundResultIdentification of α-11 giardin as a flagellar and surface component of Giardia lamblia
Kim, J., Lee, H. Y., Lee, M., Yong, T., Lee, K.-H., & Park, S. (2013) · Experimental Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2013.07.010 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Role of gamma-giardin in ventral disc formation of Giardia lamblia
Kim, J., & Park, S. (2019) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3478-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cell Biology of the Life Cycle of Giardia intestinalis
Benchimol, M., Gadelha, A. P. R., & de Souza, W. (2022) · Microbiology monographs · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80682-8_11 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Interaction of Giardia with Host Cells
Ortega‐Pierres, G., Bazán‐Tejeda, M. L., Fonseca-Liñán, R., Bermúdez‐Cruz, R. M., & Argüello-García, R. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-0198-8_17 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Primary Microtubule Structures in Giardia
Dawson, S. C. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-0198-8_18 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Membrane dynamics in giardia: Structure, function, and host interactions
Vicente, B., Freitas, A. D., & Midlej, V. D. V. P. (2025) · Current topics in membranes · doi:10.1016/bs.ctm.2025.06.005
Warmus, D., Wirdnam, C. D., Balmer, E. A., Muronzi, T., Heller, M., Bishop, Ö. T., & Faso, C. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.09.697555
Warmus, D., Wirdnam, C. D., Balmer, E. A., Muronzi, T., Heller, M., Bishop, Ö. T., & Faso, C. (2026) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1014407
- Authors
- Szkodowska, A., Müller, M. C. M., Linke, C., & Scholze, H.
- Affiliations
- Osnabrück University (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Scholze, Henning
- ORCID
- Müller, Monika C.M.
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-07
- Volume
- 277
- Issue
- 28
- Pages
- 25703-25706
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1995083961
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › S100 Proteins and Annexins
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasitic Infections and Diagnostics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
- Keywords
- Giardia lamblia, annexins, trophozoites, flagella, sequence motifs, calcium regulation, phospholipid binding, axoneme, protein localization
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Base Sequence, Escherichia coli, Flagella, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Phospholipids, Recombinant Proteins, Protozoan Proteins, Giardia lamblia, Annexins, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, DNA Primers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review