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Regulation of Autophagy by Sphingosine Kinase 1 and Its Role in Cell Survival during Nutrient Starvation

Lavieu, Grégory, Scarlatti, Francesca, Sala, Giusy, Carpentier, Stéphane, Levade, Thierry, Ghidoni, Riccardo, Botti, Joëlle, Codogno, Patrice·2006·Journal of Biological Chemistry
DOI 10.1074/jbc.m506182200
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FIGURE 1 Sphingosine kinase activity and sphingolipid levels in MCF-7 cells. A , MCF-7 cells were transfected with an empty vector (control), cDNAs encoding the wild-type SK1 (SK1 WT ) or a catalytically inactive SK1 mutant (SK1 G82D ). Left , SK activity was analyzed as described under 'Experimental Procedures.' When required 1.5 𝛍 M DMS was added at the beginning of the experiment. Middle , S1P was determined after [ 3 H]sphingosine incorporation in control cells or SK1 wt -overexpressing cells in the presence or absence of DMS. [ 3 H]Sphingosine recovery in control cells was set to 100%. Right , endogenous long-chain ceramides were quantified by the DGK assay in control cells, SK1 WT -overexpressing cells, SK G82D -expressing cells, and cells treated by C 2 -Cer (75 𝛍 M, 2 h). B , quantification of ceramide. Endogenous long-chain ceramides were quantified by the DGK assay in SK1 WT overexpressing cells cultured in complete medium at different time points. When required 3MA (10 mM) and DMS (1.5 𝛍 M) were added, and the ceramide level was analyzed after 24 h of treatment. The amount of ceramide (5.2 pmol of Cer/nmol of P i ) in MCF-7 cells cultured in complete medium was set to 100%. Values are the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments. *, p < 0.05 versus control cells.
FIGURE 1 Sphingosine kinase activity and sphingolipid levels in MCF-7 cells. A , MCF-7 cells were transfected with an empty vector (control), cDNAs encoding the wild-type SK1 (SK1 WT ) or a catalytically inactive SK1 mutant (SK1 G82D ). Left , SK activity was analyzed as described under 'Experimental Procedures.' When required 1.5 𝛍 M DMS was added at the beginning of the experiment. Middle , S1P was determined after [ 3 H]sphingosine incorporation in control cells or SK1 wt -overexpressing cells in the presence or absence of DMS. [ 3 H]Sphingosine recovery in control cells was set to 100%. Right , endogenous long-chain ceramides were quantified by the DGK assay in control cells, SK1 WT -overexpressing cells, SK G82D -expressing cells, and cells treated by C 2 -Cer (75 𝛍 M, 2 h). B , quantification of ceramide. Endogenous long-chain ceramides were quantified by the DGK assay in SK1 WT overexpressing cells cultured in complete medium at different time points. When required 3MA (10 mM) and DMS (1.5 𝛍 M) were added, and the ceramide level was analyzed after 24 h of treatment. The amount of ceramide (5.2 pmol of Cer/nmol of P i ) in MCF-7 cells cultured in complete medium was set to 100%. Values are the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments. *, p < 0.05 versus control cells.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 2 Sphingosine kinase 1 stimulates autophagy in MCF-7 cells. A , GFP-LC3 staining and quantitative analysis in MCF-7 transfected with an empty vector (control), in SK1 WT -overexpressing cells, in SK1 G82D -expressing cells, and in cells treated with C2-Cer (75 𝛍 M, 2 h). When required, 1.5 𝛍 M DMS was added. The bar represents 10 𝛍 m. B , degradation of [ 14 C]valine-labeled long-lived proteins was determined in control cells, in SK1 WT -overexpressing cells, and in cells treated with C 2 -Cer (75 𝛍 M) as described under 'Experimental Procedures.' When required 3MA (10 mM) and DMS (1.5 𝛍 M) were added during the chase period. Values reported are the mean ± S.D. of four independent experiments. *, p < 0.05 versus control cells.
FIGURE 2 Sphingosine kinase 1 stimulates autophagy in MCF-7 cells. A , GFP-LC3 staining and quantitative analysis in MCF-7 transfected with an empty vector (control), in SK1 WT -overexpressing cells, in SK1 G82D -expressing cells, and in cells treated with C2-Cer (75 𝛍 M, 2 h). When required, 1.5 𝛍 M DMS was added. The bar represents 10 𝛍 m. B , degradation of [ 14 C]valine-labeled long-lived proteins was determined in control cells, in SK1 WT -overexpressing cells, and in cells treated with C 2 -Cer (75 𝛍 M) as described under 'Experimental Procedures.' When required 3MA (10 mM) and DMS (1.5 𝛍 M) were added during the chase period. Values reported are the mean ± S.D. of four independent experiments. *, p < 0.05 versus control cells.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 3 Effect of fumonisin B1 (FB1) on autophagy. GFP-LC3stainingandquantitativeanalysis in SK1 WT -overexpressing cells and in cells treated with C2 -Cer (75 𝛍 M 2 h). When required, 100 𝛍 M FB1 was added. The bar represents 10 𝛍 m. Values are representative of three independent experiments. *, p < 0.05 versus C2-Cer-treated cells.
FIGURE 3 Effect of fumonisin B1 (FB1) on autophagy. GFP-LC3stainingandquantitativeanalysis in SK1 WT -overexpressing cells and in cells treated with C2 -Cer (75 𝛍 M 2 h). When required, 100 𝛍 M FB1 was added. The bar represents 10 𝛍 m. Values are representative of three independent experiments. *, p < 0.05 versus C2-Cer-treated cells.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 4 Effect of SK1 on mTOR signaling pathway and Akt/PKB activation. A , analysis of mTOR signaling. Cell lysates of control MCF-7 cells (empty vector) treated or not by 1.5 𝛍 MDMS,C2-Cer(75 𝛍 M, 2 h)-treated cells, SK1 wt -overexpressingcellstreatedornotby 1.5 𝛍 MDMS,andSK1 G82D -expressingcells were analyzed by Western blotting for p70S6K phosphorylation at Thr 389 using a phosphospecific antibody. The expression of total p70S6K was detected by using an anti-pan p70S6K antibody. Densitometry was performed on the original fluorographs, and the ratio of phospho-Thr 389 /total p70S6K in controlcellswassetto1.Thephosphorylationof4E-BP1wasevaluatedbyphosphorylationdependent band shift using anti-4E-BP1. SK1 was detected in cell lysates of SK1 wt -overexpressing cells and SK1 G82D -expressing cells by anti-FLAG. Actin was used as loading control. When required, 1.5 𝛍 M DMS was added. B , Akt/PKB activation. Cell lysates obtained as described above were analyzed by Western blotting for Akt/PKB phosphorylation at Ser 473 using a phosphospecific antibody. The expression of total Akt/PKB was detected by using an anti-pan Akt/PKB antibody. Densitometry was performed on the original fluorographs, and the ratio of phospho-Ser 473 /total Akt/PKB in control cells was set to 1. Values are the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments. *, p < 0.05 versus control cells.
FIGURE 4 Effect of SK1 on mTOR signaling pathway and Akt/PKB activation. A , analysis of mTOR signaling. Cell lysates of control MCF-7 cells (empty vector) treated or not by 1.5 𝛍 MDMS,C2-Cer(75 𝛍 M, 2 h)-treated cells, SK1 wt -overexpressingcellstreatedornotby 1.5 𝛍 MDMS,andSK1 G82D -expressingcells were analyzed by Western blotting for p70S6K phosphorylation at Thr 389 using a phosphospecific antibody. The expression of total p70S6K was detected by using an anti-pan p70S6K antibody. Densitometry was performed on the original fluorographs, and the ratio of phospho-Thr 389 /total p70S6K in controlcellswassetto1.Thephosphorylationof4E-BP1wasevaluatedbyphosphorylationdependent band shift using anti-4E-BP1. SK1 was detected in cell lysates of SK1 wt -overexpressing cells and SK1 G82D -expressing cells by anti-FLAG. Actin was used as loading control. When required, 1.5 𝛍 M DMS was added. B , Akt/PKB activation. Cell lysates obtained as described above were analyzed by Western blotting for Akt/PKB phosphorylation at Ser 473 using a phosphospecific antibody. The expression of total Akt/PKB was detected by using an anti-pan Akt/PKB antibody. Densitometry was performed on the original fluorographs, and the ratio of phospho-Ser 473 /total Akt/PKB in control cells was set to 1. Values are the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments. *, p < 0.05 versus control cells.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 5
CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 6 Effect of SK1 on Beclin 1 accumulation. Cell lysates of control MCF-7 cells (empty vector), C2-Cer (75 𝛍 M, 2 h)-treated cells, SK1 wt -overexpressing cells, and SK1 G82D -expressing cells were analyzed by Western blotting for Beclin 1 and actin expression. Densitometry was performed on the original fluorographs, and the Beclin 1/actin ratio in control cells was set to 1. The Western blot is representative of three independent experiments. *, p < 0.05 versus control cells.
FIGURE 6 Effect of SK1 on Beclin 1 accumulation. Cell lysates of control MCF-7 cells (empty vector), C2-Cer (75 𝛍 M, 2 h)-treated cells, SK1 wt -overexpressing cells, and SK1 G82D -expressing cells were analyzed by Western blotting for Beclin 1 and actin expression. Densitometry was performed on the original fluorographs, and the Beclin 1/actin ratio in control cells was set to 1. The Western blot is representative of three independent experiments. *, p < 0.05 versus control cells.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 7 Effect of starvation on SK activity and ceramide level in MCF7. beclin 1 cells. A , expression of Beclin1 was analyzed in control MCF-7 and MCF-7/tet-off clone (MCF-7. beclin 1 ) before and after tetracycline removal. Actin was used as a loading control. B , SK activity was analyzed as determined under 'Experimental Procedures' in MCF7. beclin 1 cells cultured in tetracycline-free complete medium (CM) and in nutrient-free medium (NF) in the presence or absence of 1.5 𝛍 M DMS for 4 h. C , quantification of ceramide. Endogenous long-chain ceramides were quantified by the DGK assay in starved MCF-7. beclin 1 cells at different time points. When required 3MA (10 mM) and DMS(1.5 𝛍 M) were added, and the ceramide level was analyzed after 24 h of treatment. Ceramide was quantified in cells transfected with SK1-siRNA 24 h post-transfection. The amount of ceramide (5.2 pmol of Cer/nmol of P i ) in control MCF-7. beclin 1 cells cultured in complete medium was set to 100%. Values are the mean ± S.D. of two independent experiments. Values are representative of three independent experiments. *, p < 0.05 versus control cells.
FIGURE 7 Effect of starvation on SK activity and ceramide level in MCF7. beclin 1 cells. A , expression of Beclin1 was analyzed in control MCF-7 and MCF-7/tet-off clone (MCF-7. beclin 1 ) before and after tetracycline removal. Actin was used as a loading control. B , SK activity was analyzed as determined under 'Experimental Procedures' in MCF7. beclin 1 cells cultured in tetracycline-free complete medium (CM) and in nutrient-free medium (NF) in the presence or absence of 1.5 𝛍 M DMS for 4 h. C , quantification of ceramide. Endogenous long-chain ceramides were quantified by the DGK assay in starved MCF-7. beclin 1 cells at different time points. When required 3MA (10 mM) and DMS(1.5 𝛍 M) were added, and the ceramide level was analyzed after 24 h of treatment. Ceramide was quantified in cells transfected with SK1-siRNA 24 h post-transfection. The amount of ceramide (5.2 pmol of Cer/nmol of P i ) in control MCF-7. beclin 1 cells cultured in complete medium was set to 100%. Values are the mean ± S.D. of two independent experiments. Values are representative of three independent experiments. *, p < 0.05 versus control cells.CC-BY · From the PDF
FIGURE 8 SK1-induced autophagy protects cells from apoptosis during starvation. In A : Upper panel , GFP-LC3 staining and quantitative analysis in MCF-7. beclin 1 cells transfected with control siRNA, Atg7-siRNA, or SK1-siRNA and incubated in complete medium or in nutrient-free (NF) mediumfor48h.Whenrequired1.5 𝛍 MDMSor10 mM 3MA were added to control cells (control siRNA). The bar represents 10 𝛍 m. Lower panel , Atg7 and actin were detected by Western blot in cells transfected with control siRNA or Atg7-siRNA ( left ). SK1 RT-PCR in cells transfected with control siRNA, SK1-siRNA ( right panel ). Glyceraldehyde-3phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH ) was used as a control. B : Left , MCF-7. beclin 1 cells transfected withcontrol siRNA, Atg7-siRNA, or SK1-siRNA were incubated in nutrient-free medium for 48 h. Cell viability was determined by the trypan blue exclusion test. Cell viability in complete medium was set to 100%. When required, DMS (1.5 𝛍 M) or 3MA (10 mM) were added to control cells (control siRNA). z-VAD-fmk (40 𝛍 M) was added 1 h before starvation and was present throughout the incubation period in nutrient-free ( NF ) medium. Right , analysis of PARP cleavage in MCF-7. beclin 1 cells transfected with control siRNA, Atg7-siRNA, SK1-siRNA, and in MCF-7. beclin 1 cells treated by 1.5 𝛍 M DMS or 10 mM 3MA. z-VAD-fmk (40 𝛍 M) was added 1 h before starvation and was present throughout the incubation period in nutrient-free ( NF ) medium. Values are representative of three independent experiments. *, p < 0.05 versus control cells in nutrient-free medium.
FIGURE 8 SK1-induced autophagy protects cells from apoptosis during starvation. In A : Upper panel , GFP-LC3 staining and quantitative analysis in MCF-7. beclin 1 cells transfected with control siRNA, Atg7-siRNA, or SK1-siRNA and incubated in complete medium or in nutrient-free (NF) mediumfor48h.Whenrequired1.5 𝛍 MDMSor10 mM 3MA were added to control cells (control siRNA). The bar represents 10 𝛍 m. Lower panel , Atg7 and actin were detected by Western blot in cells transfected with control siRNA or Atg7-siRNA ( left ). SK1 RT-PCR in cells transfected with control siRNA, SK1-siRNA ( right panel ). Glyceraldehyde-3phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH ) was used as a control. B : Left , MCF-7. beclin 1 cells transfected withcontrol siRNA, Atg7-siRNA, or SK1-siRNA were incubated in nutrient-free medium for 48 h. Cell viability was determined by the trypan blue exclusion test. Cell viability in complete medium was set to 100%. When required, DMS (1.5 𝛍 M) or 3MA (10 mM) were added to control cells (control siRNA). z-VAD-fmk (40 𝛍 M) was added 1 h before starvation and was present throughout the incubation period in nutrient-free ( NF ) medium. Right , analysis of PARP cleavage in MCF-7. beclin 1 cells transfected with control siRNA, Atg7-siRNA, SK1-siRNA, and in MCF-7. beclin 1 cells treated by 1.5 𝛍 M DMS or 10 mM 3MA. z-VAD-fmk (40 𝛍 M) was added 1 h before starvation and was present throughout the incubation period in nutrient-free ( NF ) medium. Values are representative of three independent experiments. *, p < 0.05 versus control cells in nutrient-free medium.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 9
CC-BY · From the PDF

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Authors
Lavieu, G., Scarlatti, F., Sala, G., Carpentier, S., Levade, T., Ghidoni, R., Botti, J., & Codogno, P.
Venue
Journal of Biological Chemistry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2006-03
Volume
281
Issue
13
Pages
8518-8527
ISSN
0021-9258
DOI
10.1074/jbc.m506182200
Cited by
225
References
9
Language
en
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