The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Online hatred of women in the Incels.me forum: Linguistic analysis and automatic detection
Abstract
This paper presents a study of the (now suspended) online discussion forum Incels.me and its users, involuntary celibates or incels , a virtual community of isolated men without a sexual life, who see women as the cause of their problems and often use the forum for misogynistic hate speech and other forms of incitement. Involuntary celibates have attracted media attention and concern, after a killing spree in April 2018 in Toronto, Canada. The aim of this study is to shed light on the group dynamics of the incel community, by applying mixed-methods quantitative and qualitative approaches to analyze how the users of the forum create in-group identity and how they construct major out-groups, particularly women. We investigate the vernacular used by incels, apply automatic profiling techniques to determine who they are, discuss the hate speech posted in the forum, and propose a Deep Learning system that is able to detect instances of misogyny, homophobia, and racism, with approximately 95% accuracy.
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In the citing paper
“In response to the rise of the feminist movement, several misogynist and anti-feminist groups have emerged (Jaki et al., 2019; Marwick & Caplan, 2018).”
From Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence, Hate Speech, and Terrorism: A Risk Assessment on the Rise of the Incel Rebellion in Canada (2023) · cites this paper as Jaki et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“As a result, one of the incel subculture's primary goals is that masculine hegemony be re-established (Jaki et al., 2019; O’Malley et al., 2020).”
From Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence, Hate Speech, and Terrorism: A Risk Assessment on the Rise of the Incel Rebellion in Canada (2023) · cites this paper as Jaki et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“Incels combine an entitlement to sex with self-deprecation and perceptions of victimization by women (Bratich & Banet-Weiser, 2019; Jaki et al., 2019).”
From Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence, Hate Speech, and Terrorism: A Risk Assessment on the Rise of the Incel Rebellion in Canada (2023) · cites this paper as Jaki et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“The movement moved online during 1980–1990s, creating an online network, or manosphere, that sought to reinstate masculine hegemony (Jaki et al., 2019).”
From Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence, Hate Speech, and Terrorism: A Risk Assessment on the Rise of the Incel Rebellion in Canada (2023) · cites this paper as Jaki et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“Incels are 'involuntary celibates,' men who blame women for being rejected, as was the aforementioned case of Rodger (Sylvia Jaki, et al. 2019).”
From “Victims of feminism”: exploring networked misogyny and #MeToo in the manosphere (2023) · cites this paper as Sylvia Jaki, et al. 2019
In the citing paper
“and emboldens individuals to act in violence (Jaki et al., 2019).”
From Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence, Hate Speech, and Terrorism: A Risk Assessment on the Rise of the Incel Rebellion in Canada (2023) · cites this paper as Jaki et al., 2019
Citations
Cites
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Research works printed but not linked: 8
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Items 201–226 of 226
Åkerlund, M. (2026) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051261419384
34 The Psychology of QAnon and Its Role in Radicalization to Political Violence
Moskalenko, S. (2026) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783111444529-043
Ellenberg, M. D., & Moskalenko, S. (2026) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783111444529-044
Jagged Little Pill: Pathways to Violence
Smith, D. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-16385-1_7
Smith, D. S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-16385-1_2
‘I was looking for a place to vent and despair’: Becoming Men in the Digital Age
Smith, D. S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-16385-1_4
‘They didn’t think I could be that person online. But I was…’: The Men Who Become Incels
Smith, D. S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-16385-1_5
Rodríguez, Á. C., & Ferrín, M. (2026) · Political Research Exchange · doi:10.1080/2474736x.2026.2645803
Rodríguez, A. J. T. (2026) · Applied Corpus Linguistics · doi:10.1016/j.acorp.2026.100211
(2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80686-647-220261009
The sexual well-being of female involuntary celibates (Femcels): A comparative survey study
Sparks, B., & Zidenberg, A. M. (2026) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2026.113848
When Single Meets Digital – Comparison of Self-Identified Incels and Other Single Men in PolandPreprint
Walczak, A., & Śmieja, M. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9622875/v1
Incels: From the alleged theft of jouissance to a love frozen in the imaginary
Dureuil, S. (2026) · Psychoanalysis Culture & Society · doi:10.1057/s41282-026-00643-3
When resonance falters: the incel phenomenon and the erosion of mutual recognition among youth
Holmgren, L. (2026) · Ethics and Education · doi:10.1080/17449642.2026.2689080
Nommer, hiérarchiser. Une étude des pratiques langagières d’une communauté incel
Tournebize, J. (2026) · GLAD! · doi:10.4000/16i3n
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El fenómeno incel, la misoginia como desafío para los derechos de las mujeres
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Fluent in Misogyny: Developing a Domain-Specific Dictionary for Dehumanization in Incel Communities
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Reclaiming sexuality through violence? Italian incels, the Sex robot fantasy, and the ‘right to Sex’
Cava, A., & Pasciuto, F. (2026) · Sexualities · doi:10.1177/13634607261479987
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(2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83742-892-220261009
Coufal, L., & Korpela, V. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1948952
La fabrique clinique du masculinisme pubertaire
Ledrait, A. (2026) · Adolescence · doi:10.3917/ado.118.0403
Mapping Legal Language Studies Across Legal Families: A Comparative Bibliometric Analysis
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Calloway, L. R., Berškytė, J., Harrington, L., Popa‐Wyatt, M., & Zahid, I. (2026) · Discourse & Society · doi:10.1177/09579265261493976
Metadata
- Authors
- Jaki, S., De Smedt, T., Gwóźdź, M., Panchal, R., Rossa, A., & De Pauw, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Hildesheim (DE)
- University of Antwerp
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Hull (GB)
- Textgain
- Venue
- Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict
- Publisher
- John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Published
- 2019-07-08
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 240-268
- ISSN
- 2213-1272 (ISSN-L)
- 2213-1280
- OpenAlex
- W2959053582
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 10.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- online hate speech, misogyny, online forums, ingroup identification, outgroup, group dynamics, vernacular language, hate speech detection, homophobia, racism, deep learning
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