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Diagnostic criteria for malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: proposed standards for clinical practice and research.
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, widespread and concerted research efforts have led to increasingly sophisticated and efficient methods and instruments for detecting exaggeration or fabrication of cognitive dysfunction. Despite these psychometric advances, the process of diagnosing malingering remains difficult and largely idiosyncratic. This article presents a proposed set of diagnostic criteria that define psychometric, behavioral, and collateral data indicative of possible, probable, and definite malingering of cognitive dysfunction, for use in clinical practice and for defining populations for clinical research. Relevant literature is reviewed, and limitations and benefits of the proposed criteria are discussed.
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“where below-chance performance on forced-choice items indicates that the respondent is accessing the correct answer and systematically avoiding it (Slick et al., 1999; Tombaugh, 1996).”
From Option-Order Randomisation Reveals a Distributional Position Attractor in Prompted Sandbagging (2026) · cites this paper as Slick et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“The absence of invalidity indicators might result in scores below expected for individuals in which secondary gain may be an issue (Slick, Sherman, & Iverson, 1999).”
From Using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) in individuals with traumatic brain injury. (2017) · cites this paper as Slick, Sherman, & Iverson, 1999
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Performance Validity and Symptom Validity in Neuropsychological Assessment
Larrabee, G. J. (2012) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617712000240 · Cited by 428
Using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) in individuals with traumatic brain injury.
Tulsky, D. S., Carlozzi, N. E., Holdnack, J., Heaton, R. K., Wong, A., Goldsmith, A., & Heinemann, A. W. (2017) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/rep0000174 · Cited by 67
A Meta-Analysis of Neuropsychological Effort Test Performance in Psychotic Disorders
Ruiz, I., Raugh, I. M., Bartolomeo, L. A., & Strauss, G. P. (2020) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-020-09448-2 · Cited by 34
Executive Functioning of Combat Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Gaines, K. D., Soper, H. V., & Berenji, G. R. (2016) · Applied Neuropsychology: Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2015.1012762 · Cited by 24
Option-Order Randomisation Reveals a Distributional Position Attractor in Prompted Sandbagging
Cacioli, J.-P. (2026) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.26206
“…predecessor pilot (Cacioli, 2026) drew on symptom validity testing (SVT) from clinical forensic neuropsy-chology, where below-chance performance on forced-choice items indicates that the respondent is accessing the correct answer and systematically avoiding it (Slick et al., 1999; Tombaugh, 1996).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Slick, D. J., Sherman, E. M. S., & Iverson, G. L.
- Affiliations
- Riverview Hospital (CA)
- Venue
- The Clinical Neuropsychologist
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1999-11
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 545-561
- ISSN
- 0920-1637 (ISSN-L)
- 1385-4046
- 1744-4144
- OpenAlex
- W2140266974
- Cited by
- 970
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 80 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 7.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Clinical Neuropsychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Keywords
- malingering, neurocognitive impairment, diagnostic criteria, behavioral indicators, clinical practice standards
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Conversion Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, Factitious Disorders, Humans, Malingering, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reference Standards
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Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Diagnostic criteria for malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: proposed standards for clinical practice and research. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1076/1385-4046(199911)13:04;1-y;ft545
- The paper
- Slick, D. J., Sherman, E. M. S., & Iverson, G. L. (1999). Diagnostic criteria for malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: proposed standards for clinical practice and research. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. https://doi.org/10.1076/1385-4046(199911)13%3A04%3B1-y%3Bft545
