The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cognitive Reserve and Lifestyle
Open accessAbstract
The concept of cognitive reserve (CR) suggests that innate intelligence or aspects of life experience like educational or occupational attainments may supply reserve, in the form of a set of skills or repertoires that allows some people to cope with progressing Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology better than others. There is epidemiological evidence that lifestyle characterized by engagement in leisure activities of intellectual and social nature is associated with slower cognitive decline in healthy elderly and may reduce the risk of incident dementia. There is also evidence from functional imaging studies that subjects engaging in such leisure activities can clinically tolerate more AD pathology. It is possible that aspects of life experience like engagement in leisure activities may result in functionally more efficient cognitive networks and therefore provide a CR that delays the onset of clinical manifestations of dementia.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept
STERN, Y. (2002) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617702813248 · Cited by 3,951
Self-citationRunning increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus
van Praag, H., Kempermann, G., & Gage, F. H. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/6368 · Cited by 3,880
Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease
Stern, Y. (1994) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510370056032 · Cited by 1,434
Self-citation(2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03589-3 · Cited by 1,338
Katzman, R., Terry, R., DeTeresa, R., Brown, T., Davies, P., Fuld, P., Renbing, X., & Peck, A. (1988) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410230206 · Cited by 1,225 · cited 2×
“Passive or hardware: Bigger brains tolerate more loss before exhibiting impaired function because of higher number of healthy synapses or neurons resulting in increased number of remaining available ones when a certain percentage of them is affected by a pathologic process (Katzman et al., 1988).”
BackgroundUse it or lose it: Engaged lifestyle as a buffer of cognitive decline in aging?
Hultsch, D. F., Hertzog, C., Small, B. J., & Dixon, R. A. (1999) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.14.2.245 · Cited by 1,023
Yoshitake, T., Kiyohara, Y., Kato, I., Ohmura, T., Iwamoto, H., Nakayama, K., Ohmori, S., Nomiyama, K., Kawano, H., Ueda, K., et al. (1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.6.1161 · Cited by 829
(1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.2.165 · Cited by 327
Scarmeas, N., Zarahn, E., Anderson, K. E., Habeck, C. G., Hilton, J., Flynn, J., Marder, K. S., Bell, K. L., Sackeim, H. A., Van Heertum, R. L., et al. (2003) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.60.3.359 · Cited by 254
Self-citation
Cited by
An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia
Fratiglioni, L., Paillard-Borg, S., & Winblad, B. (2004) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(04)00767-7 · Cited by 2,135
Northey, J. M., Cherbuin, N., Pumpa, K. L., Smee, D. J., & Rattray, B. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096587 · Cited by 1,380
Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing
Cabeza, R., Albert, M., Belleville, S., Craik, F. I. M., Duarte, A., Grady, C. L., Lindenberger, U., Nyberg, L., Park, D. C., Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., et al. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0068-2 · Cited by 1,298
Mattson, M. P. (2008) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2007.08.007 · Cited by 1,253
Kuiper, J. S., Zuidersma, M., Oude Voshaar, R. C., Zuidema, S. U., van den Heuvel, E. R., Stolk, R. P., & Smidt, N. (2015) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.04.006 · Cited by 1,090
Metadata
- Authors
- Scarmeas, N., & Stern, Y.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-08-01
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 625-633
- ISSN
- 0165-0475 (ISSN-L)
- 1380-3395
- 1744-411X
- OpenAlex
- W2081093524
- Cited by
- 865
- References
- 9
- FWCI
- 10.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Cognitive Reserve and Lifestyle. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1076/jcen.25.5.625.14576
- The paper
- Scarmeas, N., & Stern, Y. (2003). Cognitive Reserve and Lifestyle. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.25.5.625.14576
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
