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Foliar, floral and soilborne diseases.
Abstract
This chapter presents the foliar and floral diseases (algal leaf spot, Alternaria leaf spot, anthracnose, apical necrosis, bacterial black spot or black canker, black-banded disease, black mildew, sooty blotch and sooty mould, blossom blight, decline disorders, galls and scaly bark, grey leaf spot, leaf blight, malformation, Phoma blight, Phoma leaf spot, pink disease, powdery mildew, scab, seca and sudden decline, and Stigmina leaf spot) and soilborne diseases (black root rot, nematode damage, Phytophthora diseases, root rot and damping off, Sclerotium rot, Verticillium wilt and white root disease) of mango that are mainly caused by pathogenic fungi and bacteria, nematodes or parasitic plants. Information on symptoms, aetiology, epidemiology and management strategies (mainly through chemical control) is provided.
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Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a plant pathogenic fungus that dominantly attacks mango fruit and is the main cause of anthracnose disease.
“Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc is a plant pathogenic fungi that dominantly attack mango fruit and main cause of anthracnose disease3–7.”
From Bioactivities of Allium longicuspis Regel against anthracnose of mango caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infects the inflorescence, young leaves and branches, and fruit.
“Furthermore, it infects the inflorescence, young leaves and branches, and its fruit3,5.”
From Bioactivities of Allium longicuspis Regel against anthracnose of mango caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
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Ploetz, R. C., Hulcr, J., Wingfield, M. J., et al. (2013) · Plant Disease · doi:10.1094/pdis-01-13-0056-fe · Cited by 245
Self-citationNiehaus, E., Münsterkötter, M., Proctor, R. H., Brown, D. W., Sharon, A., Idan, Y., Oren‐Young, L., Sieber, C. M. K., Novák, O., Pěnčík, A., et al. (2016) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evw259 · Cited by 165
Self-citationDistribution and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Species Associated With Mango Anthracnose in Mexico
Tovar-Pedraza, J. M., Mora-Aguilera, J. A., Nava-Díaz, C., Lima, N. B., Michereff, S. J., Sandoval-Islas, J. S., Câmara, M. P. S., Téliz-Ortiz, D., & Leyva-Mir, S. G. (2020) · Plant Disease · doi:10.1094/pdis-01-19-0178-re · Cited by 105
“Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is the most important disease of mango in almost all production areas, because it attacks leaves, twigs, flowering panicles, and fruits (Arauz 2000; Paull and Duarte 2011; Ploetz 2003; Ploetz and Freeman 2009).”
Mango anthracnose disease: present status and future research priorities
N. Akem, C. (2006) · Plant Pathology Journal · doi:10.3923/ppj.2006.266.273 · Cited by 75
Antifungal properties of essential oils against anthracnose disease: a critical appraisal
Kumar, A., & Kudachikar, V. B. (2017) · Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection · doi:10.1007/s41348-017-0128-2 · Cited by 54
Vitale, A., Alfenas, A. C., de Siqueira, D. L., Magistà, D., Perrone, G., & Polizzi, G. (2020) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants9020182 · Cited by 24
“Although many portions of the plant may be infected, the major losses occur during ripening and in postharvest when brown or black lesions developed on fruit surfaces [5,25,26].”
BackgroundAdvances in mango ‘Keitt’ production system: PBZ interaction with fulvic acids and free amino acids
Silva, L. D. S., de Sousa, K. Â. O., Pereira, E. C. V., et al. (2020) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109787 · Cited by 25
Genetic control of resistance on Mangifera indica to Ceratocystis wilt
Arriel, D. A. A., Guimarães, L. M. D. S., de Resende, M. D. V., et al. (2016) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2016.09.001 · Cited by 21
A Novel Disease of Big-Leaf Mahogany Caused by TwoFusariumSpecies in Mexico
Santillán-Mendoza, R., Fernández-Pavía, S. P., O'Donnell, K. L., et al. (2018) · Plant Disease · doi:10.1094/pdis-01-18-0060-re · Cited by 20
Self-citationde Guzman Alvindia, D., & Mangoba, M. A. A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68399-z · Cited by 18
Adawi, A. O. A., Barnes, I., Khan, I. A., et al. (2014) · Australasian Plant Pathology · doi:10.1007/s13313-014-0280-0 · Cited by 18
“For example, there are recent but inconclusive observations that mango wilt disease is in India and Bangladesh (Ploetz and Freeman 2009; Mosharraf Hossain, personal communication ) and this might be the source of the infections in both Pakistan and Oman.”
Sharma, G., Elazar, M., Maymon, M., Meshram, V., & Freeman, S. (2024) · Phytoparasitica · doi:10.1007/s12600-024-01123-z · Cited by 18
Self-citationDeressa, T. T., Lemessa, F., & Wakjira, M. (2015) · International Journal of Pest Management · doi:10.1080/09670874.2015.1016135 · Cited by 17
“The trials were conducted following standard methods of Nakasone (1998) on susceptible mango (Kent variety) fruits which were obtained from Melkasa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia.”
BackgroundInfluentialFreeman, S., Maymon, M., Biton, A., Levin, A. G., & Shtienberg, D. (2014) · Crop Protection · doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2014.03.016 · Cited by 16
Self-citationCrespo, M., Cazorla, F. M., de Vicente, A., et al. (2015) · Plant Disease · doi:10.1094/pdis-02-15-0153-re · Cited by 14
Self-citationFirst Report of Dieback of Mango Caused by Fusarium decemcellulare in China
Qi, Y., Pu, J., Zhang, X., et al. (2013) · Journal of Phytopathology · doi:10.1111/jph.12117 · Cited by 14
Efficacy of aroma compounds for postharvest management of mango anthracnose
Kumar, A., & Kudachikar, V. (2020) · Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection · doi:10.1007/s41348-019-00286-w · Cited by 13
Fungitoxic activities of Citrus limon L. peel extracts in controlling anthracnose of mango
Alvindia, D. D. G., & Mangoba, M. A. A. (2022) · Journal of Plant Pathology · doi:10.1007/s42161-022-01080-8 · Cited by 12
Pruvost, O., Savelon, C., Boyer, C., et al. (2009) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-008-9480-x · Cited by 11
Alvindia, D. D. G., & Mangoba, M. A. A. (2020) · Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection · doi:10.1080/03235408.2020.1791479 · Cited by 10
“The C. gloeosporioides Penz isolate was obtained from Dionysus Research Laboratory, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.”
BackgroundRojas-Martínez, R. I., Zavaleta-Mejía, E., Nieto-Ángel, D., et al. (2008) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 9
Soto-Plancarte, A., Santillán-Mendoza, R., Fernández-Pavía, S. P., et al. (2015) · Phytoparasitica · doi:10.1007/s12600-015-0471-4 · Cited by 9
“If F. mexicanum remains latent in infected buds similar to that occurring with F. mangiferae (Ploetz and Freeman, 2009), these nursery plants could serve as reservoirs for the pathogen.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCohen, Y., Belausov, E., Maymon, M., et al. (2016) · Plant Pathology · doi:10.1111/ppa.12650 · Cited by 8
“Mango cultivation in many countries worldwide is seriously affected by mango malformation disease (MMD) (Kumar et al., 1993; Ploetz & Freeman, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAbdurrehman, Mansoor, T., Subhani, M. N., et al. (2024) · Applied Fruit Science · doi:10.1007/s10341-023-01028-x · Cited by 7
“While scientists have made significant progress in understanding the etiology of MMD (Kumar et al. 1993; Ploetz et al. 2002; Zheng and Ploetz 2002; Gamliel-Atin-sky et al. 2009b; Ploetz and Freeman 2009), unfortunately, limited efforts have been directed towards unraveling the epidemiology of MMD.”
Classification of Mango Leaf Diseases Using XGBoost Method and HoG Feature Extraction
Suprayoga, R., Zega, S., Muhathir, M., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1109/icmeralda60125.2023.10458172 · Cited by 7
“Fungal diseases pose a primary constraint to mango production worldwide [9].”
BackgroundAlvindia, D. D. G., Mangoba, M. A. A., Abduzukhurov, T., & Santiago, E. F. (2022) · Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection · doi:10.1080/03235408.2022.2035155 · Cited by 6
“is a fungal pathogen that infects mango fruits causing preharvest and postharvest disease known as anthracnose (Arauz 2000; Ploetz and Freeman 2009).”
BackgroundKumar, A., & Kudachikar, V. B. (2019) · Journal of Microencapsulation · doi:10.1080/02652048.2019.1600593 · Cited by 7
Major post harvest diseases of Mango and their management.
Iram, S., & Ahmad, H. (2013) · International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production · Cited by 6
Montoya-Martínez, A. C., O’Donnell, K., Busman, M., et al. (2021) · Plant Disease · doi:10.1094/pdis-06-21-1339-re · Cited by 5
Self-citationPotential use of Myrtus guajava (L.) Kuntze for the management of anthracnose disease of mango fruit
Mangoba, M. A. A., & Alvindia, D. D. G. (2023) · Indian Phytopathology · doi:10.1007/s42360-023-00595-z · Cited by 5
Kumar, R. (2015) · The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences · doi:10.56093/ijas.v85i3.47057 · Cited by 5
“2000, Ploetz and Prakash 1997, Ploetz 2003).”
Malformation Disease in Tabebuia rosea (Rosy Trumpet) Caused by Fusarium pseudocircinatum in Mexico
Montoya-Martínez, A. C., O'Donnell, K. L., Busman, M., et al. (2021) · Plant Disease · doi:10.1094/pdis-09-20-1942-re · Cited by 5
Self-citationTiyayon, C., & Paull, R. E. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781119014362.ch2 · Cited by 5
Verma, S., Sharma, A., Thakur, A., et al. (2025) · Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection · doi:10.1080/03235408.2025.2484838 · Cited by 4
“It has been documented that mango trees are highly susceptible to fungal attacks, leading to diseases such as die-back, malformation, powdery mildew, and anthracnose (Johnson 1992; Ploetz and Freeman 2009).”
Vecchio, L., Vitale, A., Aiello, D., et al. (2025) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof11050384 · Cited by 4
HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION STUDY IN MALFORMED AFFECTED TISSUES OF MANGIFERA INDICA L.
Kumar (2013) · American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences · doi:10.3844/ajabssp.2013.199.203 · Cited by 4
Leharwan, S., Malik, V. K., Singh, R., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences · doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2018.712.213 · Cited by 4
“There is lot of information worldwide regarding C. gloeosporioides causes mango anthracnose is pathogenic to more than 470 different host plant at various development stages of plants (Prusky and Plumbley, 1992 and Ploetz and Prakash, 1997.”
BackgroundCurrent Scenario of Mango Malformation and Its Management Strategies: An Overview
Kumar, P., & Misra, A. K. (2016) · Fungal biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27312-9_10 · Cited by 4
Wafaa Haggag, M., Zakaria, A., Hazza, M., et al. (2011) · Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology · doi:10.4172/2157-7471.1000103 · Cited by 4
“Malformed panicles may also produce dwarfed and distorted leaves (exhibit phyllody) [12].”
BackgroundMalipatil, R., St, Y., Ys, A., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Chemical Studies · doi:10.22271/chemi.2021.v9.i1av.11762 · Cited by 3
“, 2010) [11] under field condition and also being post-harvest disease, causing an economical loss to the tune of 15-20 per cent (Ploetz and Prakash, 1997) ([10]).”
BackgroundSaran, P. L., Patel, R. S., Meena, R. P., et al. (2019) · IAWA Journal - KU Leuven/IAWA Journal · doi:10.1163/22941932-00002101 · Cited by 3
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Ji, Y., Zhang, Y., Ma, Y., Xu, L., Chen, X., Fang, W., Li, Y., Yan, D., Cao, A., & Wang, Q. (2025) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.70402 · Cited by 2
Ploetz, R. C. (2017) · Acta Horticulturae · doi:10.17660/actahortic.2017.1183.31 · Cited by 2
Self-citationYoussef, S. A., Shalaby, A. A., El-Monem, W. H. A., El-Ghany, K. M. A., Sharma, G., Elazar, M., Maymon, M., Suaza-Blandon, S., Meshram, V., Ezra, ., et al. (2025) · Acta Horticulturae · doi:10.17660/actahortic.2025.1415.31 · Cited by 1
Self-citationMalformation: Impending Danger in Mango Cultivation
Sharma, R., Sharma, A., Singh, J., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences · doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2020.911.003 · Cited by 1
“The seedlings, in the early stage which become malformed, remain stunted and die while the seedlings which are infected later attain normal growth above the malformed areas (Singh et al., 1961; Kumar and Beniwal, 1992, Ploetz and Freeman, 2009; Chakrabarti, 2011; Freeman et al., 2014).”
BackgroundParmar, K. A., Rakholiya, K. B., Patel, P. R., & Singh, N. (2024) · International Journal of Environment and Climate Change · doi:10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i13858 · Cited by 1
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“Anthracnose is present in most mango-producing areas, mainly in regions with high rainfall (Ploetz 2003; Ploetz and Freeman 2009).”
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“Identification of Peziotrichum corticolum was achieved by studying morphological characters of the same pathogen as described by Mukherjee and Litz (2009) and Patil and Dangat (2012). Koch postulates were proved to identify and to confirm the pathogenicity of isolated pathogen.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialChoudhary, S. P., Saran, P. L., Patel, R. S., et al. (2022) · Indian Phytopathology · doi:10.1007/s42360-022-00478-9
Ofertas tecnológicas para el manejo de trips y antracnosis en mango (Mangifera indica L.).
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Foliar, Floral and Soilborne Diseases
Freeman, S., & Prusky, D. B. (2026) · Botany, production and uses. · doi:10.1079/9781800622647.0012
Self-citationPostharvest Technology and Quarantine Treatments
Khanal, A., Mazhar, M. S., Weerahewa, H. L. D., Wyatt, P., & Joyce, D. C. (2026) · Botany, production and uses. · doi:10.1079/9781800622647.0022
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Pollo, A. D. S. (2011) · Aleph UCLA Undergraduate Research Journal for the Humanities and Social Sciences
Metadata
- Authors
- Ploetz, R. C., & Freeman, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Venue
- The mango: botany, production and uses
- Publisher
- CABI
- Published
- 2009
- Pages
- 231-302
- OpenAlex
- W324500936
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.77
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- CABI eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Fungal Plant Pathogen Control
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Disease Management Techniques
- Keywords
- mango diseases, foliar diseases, soil-borne diseases, plant pathogenic fungi, plant pathogenic bacteria, nematodes, Phytophthora, Verticillium wilt, black root rot, blossom blight, black mildew, sooty blotch, sooty mold, chemical control, disease management
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