Some nutritional aspects of ageing in dogs and cats
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Energy intake can be higher for senior cats to compensate for decreased digestibility.
“Energy intake can be higher for senior cats to compensate for this decrease in digestibility.56”
From 2021 AAHA Nutrition and Weight Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
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Animal models of aging research: implications for human aging and age-related diseases
Mitchell, S. J., Scheibye-Knudsen, M., Longo, D. L., & de Cabo, R. (2015) · Annual Review of Animal Biosciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110829 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
“Cats live an average of 12–14 years, and life-span studies in this species are therefore also problematic (157); however, their aging phenotype may make them attractive models.”
BackgroundFlickinger, E., Loo, J. V. V., & Fahey, G. (2003) · Critical reviews in food science and nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408690390826446 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Plantinga, E. A., Bosch, G., & Hendriks, W. H. (2011) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511002285 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“The median lifespan of a feral cat has been reported to be 4·7 years (62) , while the domestic house cat has an average life expectancy of 12–14 years (63) .”
Diet affects nutrient digestibility, hematology, and serum chemistry of senior and weanling dogs.
Swanson, K., Kuzmuk, K., Schook, L., & Fahey, G. (2004) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/2004.8261713x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“In contrast, Sheffy et al. (1985) reported an increased digestive efficiency in senior dogs, but others have observed no effect of age (Taylor et al., 1995).”
Background2021 AAHA Nutrition and Weight Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats
Cline, M. G., Burns, K. M., Coe, J. B., Downing, R., Durzi, T., Murphy, M., & Parker, V. (2021) · Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association · doi:10.5326/jaaha-ms-7232 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
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Common physical and functional changes associated with aging in dogs.
Bellows, J., Colitz, C. M., Daristotle, L., Ingram, D., Lepine, A., Marks, S., Sanderson, S., Tomlinson, J., & Zhang, J. (2015) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.246.1.67 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Although it has been theorized that aging of the GI tract leads to a decreased ability to digest and absorb nutrients, studies 51–53 of healthy older dogs indicate that most dogs appear to maintain digestive efficiency as they age.”
Carnivorous mammals: nutrient digestibility and energy evaluation.
Clauss, M., Kleffner, H., & Kienzle, E. (2010) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.20302 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Few differences in the digestive efficiency between carnivore species have been described; the one difference for which evidence has been accumulated is a lower digestive efficiency for fat in cats as compared to dogs [Taylor et al., 1995; NRC, 2006].”
BackgroundEnergy Requirements of Adult Dogs: A Meta-Analysis
Bermingham, E. N., Thomas, D. G., Cave, N. J., Morris, P. J., Butterwick, R. F., & German, A. J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109681 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Ageing in cats may also result in decreased digestibility of nutrients, most notably fat [53,58,59].”
Nutritional Sustainability of Pet Foods
Swanson, K. S., Carter, R. A., Yount, T. P., Aretz, J., & Buff, P. R. (2013) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.112.003335 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Age-Related Changes in Nutrient Utilization by Companion Animals
Fahey, G. C., Jr., Barry, K. A., & Swanson, K. S. (2008) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.28.061807.155325 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Energy requirements of adult cats
Bermingham, E. N., Thomas, D. G., Morris, P., & Hawthorne, A. J. (2010) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711450999290x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“However, 12- to 14-year-old cats have been reported as having significantly higher daily energy requirements((15)).”
BackgroundHarper, E. (1998) · Journal of NutriLife · doi:10.1093/jn/128.12.2632s · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Both of the reported studies on feline aging and digestive function (Anantharaman-Barr et al. 1991, Taylor et al. 1995) identify fat digestibility as the most problematic in old age.”
BackgroundInfluentialHarper, E. J. (1998) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/128.12.2623s · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Zoran, D. L., & Buffington, C. A. T. (2011) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.239.5.596 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Prevalence of Disease and Age-Related Behavioural Changes in Cats: Past and Present
Sordo, L., Breheny, C., Halls, V., Cotter, A., Tørnqvist-Johnsen, C., Caney, S., & Gunn-Moore, D. (2020) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci7030085 · Cited by 44
Teshima, E., Brunetto, M. A., Vasconcellos, R. S., Gonçalves, K. N. V., De-Oliveira, L. D., Valério, A. G., & Carciofi, A. C. (2010) · Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.2009.00964.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
2021 AAFP Feline Senior Care Guidelines
Ray, M., Carney, H. C., Boynton, B., Quimby, J. M., Robertson, S. A., Denis, K. S., Tuzio, H., & Wright, B. D. (2021) · Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1177/1098612x211021538 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Maria, A. P. J., Ayane, L., Putarov, T. C., Loureiro, B., Neto, B., Casagrande, M., Gomes, M., Glória, M., & Carciofi, A. (2017) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2016.1302 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Larsen, J. A., & Farcas, A. K. (2014) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.03.003 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“These changes likely reflect the general organ degeneration associated with aging(9) and, because dogs have adequate digestive functional reserve, may not be clinically relevant.(20) In summary, there are potentially important physiologic effects of aging on the”
BackgroundBellows, J., S. Center, Daristotle, L., Estrada, A. H., Flickinger, E., Horwitz, D., Lascelles, B. D. X., Lepine, A., Perea, S., Scherk, M., et al. (2016) · Journal of feline medicine and surgery · doi:10.1177/1098612x16649523 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Golder, C. M., Weemhoff, J. L., & Jewell, D. E. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10030541 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“When young adult (4 years of age) dogs were compared to older (13 years of age) there was no difference between the age groups on protein digestibility [20].”
BackgroundA game-theoretic approach to valuating toxoplasmosis vaccination strategies.
Sykes, D., & Rychtář, J. (2015) · Theoretical Population Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2015.08.003 · Cited by 35
Bermingham, E., Weidgraaf, K., Hekman, M., Roy, N., Tavendale, M., & Thomas, D. G. (2013) · Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01293.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Aging does not influence feeding behavior in cats.
Peachey, S. E., & Harper, E. (2002) · Journal of NutriLife · doi:10.1093/jn/132.6.1735s · Cited by 30
Taste preferences and diet palatability in cats
Pekel, A. Y., Mülazimoğlu, S. B., & Acar, N. (2020) · Journal of Applied Animal Research · doi:10.1080/09712119.2020.1786391 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Félix, A., Zanatta, C. P., Brito, C., Sá-Fortes, C. M. L., Oliveira, S. G., & Maiorka, A. (2013) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas.2011-4662 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Retrospective study on the energy requirements of adult colony cats.
Kienzle, E., Edtstadtler-Pietsch, G., & Rudnick, R. (2006) · Journal of NutriLife · doi:10.1093/jn/136.7.1973s · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Investigation of the faecal microbiota of geriatric cats
Jia, J., Frantz, N. Z., Khoo, C., Gibson, G. R., Rastall, R. A., & McCartney, A. L. (2011) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03105.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“1995; Perez-Camargo 2004; Laflamme 2005) and increased daily food intake (Taylor et al. 1995).”
BackgroundMacronutrients in Feline Health
Villaverde, C., & Fascetti, A. J. (2014) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.03.007 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Altınok-Yipel, F., Yi̇pel, M., & Tekeli, I. O. (2021) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-021-02792-1 · Cited by 18
“where EF is exposure frequency (365 days year−1), ED is exposure corresponding to average lifespan (14 years for adult and 1 year for kitten) [12, 21], FIR is the consumption rate (recommended average consumption rate of products is 400 g day−1 for adults and 300 g day−1 for kittens), C is the metal concentration in f…”
BackgroundPositive attitudes towards feline obesity are strongly associated with ownership of obese cats
Teng, K. T., McGreevy, P. D., Toribio, J.-A. L. M. L., & Dhand, N. K. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234190 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“This outcome is particularly profound in cats over 12 years old and can be one of the reasons for the high frequency of underweight in old cats [67].”
BackgroundMetabolizable energy intake of client‐owned adult cats
Thes, M., Koeber, N., Fritz, J., Wendel, F., Dobenecker, B., & Kienzle, E. (2015) · Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1111/jpn.12298 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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“The impacts of age on nutrient digestibility are affected by both dietary format and ingredient composition and warrant further investigation (Sheffy et al., 1985; Taylor et al., 1995; Larsen and Farcas, 2014).”
BackgroundMcKenzie, B. A., Chen, F., & LaCroix‐Fralish, M. L. (2022) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.22.02.0088 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“34 A variety of changes in the gastrointes - tinal microbiome have been reported in older dogs, although no clear universal pattern of change with aging has emerged from this research.”
BackgroundSchauf, S., Stockman, J., Haydock, R. M., Eyre, R., Fortener, L., Park, J., Bakke, A., & Watson, P. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11072127 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“No consistent effects of age on DM, fat, protein or starch apparent digestibilities were demonstrated, although the differing responses of adult and senior cats with the LF-MFb and HF-LFb diets suggest an age-related effect on the digestibility of certain types of ingredients delivering protein and fat, which may help…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSoybean meal and poultry offal meal effects on digestibility of adult dogs diets: Systematic review
Vanelli, K., de Oliveira, Â. C., Sotomaior, C., Weber, S., & Costa, L. B. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249321 · Cited by 17
“Therefore, food intake increase may not always lead to higher levels of FDM production [12, 42, 43].”
BackgroundFeline Aging: Promoting Physiologic and Emotional Well-Being.
Miele, A., Sordo, L., & Gunn-Moore, D. (2020) · The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.03.004 · Cited by 17
Eyre, R., Trehiou, M., Marshall, E., Carvell-Miller, L. J., Goyon, A., & McGrane, S. (2021) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2021.09.006 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Feeding Old Cats—An Update on New Nutritional Therapies
Sparkes, A. (2011) · Topics in companion animal medicine · doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2011.01.006 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Association of age and body condition with physical activity of domestic cats (Felis catus)
Smit, M., Corner-Thomas, R. A., Weidgraaf, K., & Thomas, D. G. (2022) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105584 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Scherk, M. A., & Laflamme, D. P. (2016) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.06.007 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Studies of healthy aging cats, identify a decline in feline digestive capability with increasing age.(39,95,96) Both fat digestion and protein digestion tend to decrease in cats more than 12 years of age.”
BackgroundNutritional management and disease prevention in healthy dogs and cats
Fascetti, A. (2010) · Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia · doi:10.1590/s1516-35982010001300006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The situation appears to be somewhat different in cats, previous evidence suggested that maintenance energy requirements remained constant throughout adult life (Anantharaman-Barr et al., 1991; Taylor et al., 1995; Harper, 1998a).”
BackgroundInfluentialAdditional data on energy requirements of young adult cats measured by indirect calorimetry.
Wichert, B., Müller, L., Gebert, S., Wenk, C., & Wanner, M. (2007) · Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00705.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Animals for work, recreation and sports
Kaushik, S. (1999) · Livestock Production Science · doi:10.1016/s0301-6226(99)00023-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Nicotra, M., Iannitti, T., & Cerbo, A. D. (2025) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci12100964 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Advancements in veterinary medicine and animal nutrition have contributed to an increase in the lifespan of companion animals [81].”
Sabchuk, T. T., Risolia, L. W., Souza, C. M. M., Félix, A., Maiorka, A., & Oliveira, S. G. (2019) · Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition · doi:10.1111/jpn.13258 · Cited by 9
Impact of nutrition on ageing the process. Bridging the Gap: the animal perspective
Butterwick, R. (2015) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114514003900 · Cited by 9
“The average life expectancy in pet cats (12–14 years)((3,4)) is considerably higher than the reported median lifespan in feral cats (4·7)((5)).”
BackgroundMaintenance energy requirements in miniature colony dogs
Serisier, S., Weber, M. P., Feugier, A., Fardet, M. ‐., Garnier, F., Biourge, V. C., & German, A. J. (2013) · Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1111/jpn.12044 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Freitas, E., Rahal, S. C., & Ciani, R. (2006) · doi:10.5380/avs.v11i3.7423 · Cited by 7
Kittens That Nurse 7 Weeks or Longer Are Less Likely to Become Overweight Adult Cats
van Lent, D., Vernooij, J., Stolting, M. M., & Corbee, R. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11123434 · Cited by 6
“It has been suggested that besides disease, the maintenance energy requirement of older cats increase rather than decrease contributing to the tendency of older cats being underweight if their energy needs are not met [57,58].”
BackgroundFat digestibility is reduced in old cats with subnormal cobalamin concentrations
Salas, A., Manuelian, C., Garganté, M., Sanchez, N., Fernández, S., Compagnucci, M., Cerón, J., Jeusette, I., Vilaseca, L., & Torre, C. (2014) · Journal of Nutritional Science · doi:10.1017/jns.2014.59 · Cited by 6
Experimental approaches to study the nutritional value of food ingredients for dogs and cats
Harmon, D. (2007) · doi:10.1590/s1516-35982007001000023 · Cited by 6
“When young (4 years) versus old (13 years) dogs were compared (Taylor et al., 1995) there were no differences between the age groups in digestibility of protein, fat or energy.”
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Madhusudhan, H. S., Singh, K., Krishnamoorthy, U., Umesh, K., Butterwick, R., & Wrigglesworth, D. (2018) · Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition · doi:10.1111/jpn.12709 · Cited by 5
“75; Taylor et al., 1995) studies.”
Practical approach to determine apparent digestibility of canine diets
Hagen-Plantinga, E., Bosch, G., & Hendriks, W. (2014) · Journal of Nutritional Science · doi:10.1017/jns.2014.26 · Cited by 5
Comparação da digestibilidade de um alimento seco extrusado entre cães adultos e filhotes
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Determining the protocol requirements of in-home dog food digestibility testing
Bos, E., Hendriks, W., Beerda, B., & Bosch, G. (2022) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114522003191 · Cited by 4
de Godoy, M. R. C., Conway, C. E., McLeod, K. R., & Harmon, D. L. (2015) · Archives of Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1080/1745039x.2015.1100866 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“However, conflicting information exists on the increased nutrient digestibility of older dogs, as some research indicated no significant age-related changes (Buffington et al. 1989; Taylor et al. 1995).”
BackgroundFeeding the Healthy Dog and Cat
Fascetti, A. J., & Delaney, S. J. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781118785669.ch7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Nutrient Digestive Bypass: Determinants and Associations with Stool Quality in Cats and Dogs
Jackson, M. I., Wernimont, S. M., Carnagey, K. M., & Jewell, D. E. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14192778 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“While it is well recognized that nutritional requirements for cats and dogs vary throughout their lifespan [6], changes in macronutrient digestibility that may occur as pets age and the impact of digestibility changes on health parameters such as stool quality are less well understood.”
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Iske, C., Morris, C. L., & Kappen, K. (2017) · Translational Animal Science · doi:10.2527/tas2017.0047 · Cited by 3
“Cat ages ranged in this study, and though differences in digestibility may exist in animals of varying ages, separating age effects was not an intention of this study (Taylor et al., 1995; Teshima et al., 2010).”
BackgroundLarsen, J. (2016) · The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.06.012 · Cited by 3
A survey of the views of US veterinary teaching faculty to owned cat housing practices
Salo, A. L., & Stone, E. A. (2015) · Journal of feline medicine and surgery · doi:10.1177/1098612x14561503 · Cited by 3
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Determining the protocol requirements of in-home cat food digestibility testing
Bos, E., Hendriks, W. H., Beerda, B., & Bosch, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1129775 · Cited by 2
“Age too is well-known for influencing digestibility values in cats and aging decreases digestibility values for dry matter, protein, fat and energy (18, 20, 23, 53), potentially due to a reduced secretion and activity of digestive enzymes and a reduced capacity for the production, transport, and secretion of bile acid…”
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Nutrition Research in Aging Dogs and Cats: What We Know and What We Need to Do
Cai, X., Mao, H., & Zhu, L.-H. (2026) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani16040571 · Cited by 1
“While digestive ability is often presumed to decline with age [69,86], several studies report that protein and fat digestibility remains unchanged or may even improve in healthy seniors [85,87,88].”
Determining key protocol requirements for in-home cat food palatability testing
Bos, E., Hendriks, W. H., Beerda, B., & Bosch, G. (2025) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106843 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nutrition and aging in dogs and cats
Blanchard, G., Priymenko, N., & Oh, W.-S. (2025) · Journal of Veterinary Science · doi:10.4142/jvs.25222 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Generally, they concluded that there is no difference between young and old dogs in terms of apparent digestibility of proteins, lipids, and dry matter [28-30], and even for calcium, phosphorus, and zinc [31].”
Chapter 13: Conducting indirect calorimetry studies in companion animals
Gooding, M. A., McKnight, L. L., Ramsey, J. J., & Shoveller, A. K. K. (2015) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-261-0_13 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chapter 38 – Evaluation of the Senior Cat with Weight Loss
Little, S. (2012) · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00038-7 · Cited by 1
Renal patients—IRIS scores, nursing care plans and care bundles
Lakeman, N. (2026) · The Veterinary Nurse · doi:10.12968/vetn.2026.0018
General Discussion, Perspectives, and Conclusions
Roberfroid, M. (2004) · doi:10.1201/9780203504932-17
Feeding the Senior and Geriatric Cat
Farcas, A. K., & Michel, K. E. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-22652-3.00061-x
- Authors
- Taylor, E. J., Adams, C., & Neville, R.
- Affiliations
- Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition (GB)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1995-11
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 645-656
- ISSN
- 0029-6651 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2719
- OpenAlex
- W2110910480
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of The Nutrition Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- aging, dogs, cats, canine nutrition, feline nutrition, elderly nutrition
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Body Weight, Energy Intake, Cats, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins, Digestion, Dogs, Energy Metabolism, Female, Male
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