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Violin Plots: A Box Plot-Density Trace Synergism
Abstract
Many modifications build on Tukey's original box plot. A proposed further adaptation, the violin plot, pools the best statistical features of alternative graphical representations of batches of data. It adds the information available from local density estimates to the basic summary statistics inherent in box plots. This marriage of summary statistics and density shape into a single plot provides a useful tool for data analysis and exploration.
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“Popular visualizations of distributions are histograms, density plots, and violin plots (Hintze and Nelson [49] show multiple density plots side-by-side), but they seem to be hard for an uninitiated audience to grasp.”
From Uncertainty as a Form of Transparency: Measuring, Communicating, and Using Uncertainty (2021) · cites this paper as [49]
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Liotti, E., Lui, A., Connolley, T., & Grant, P. S. (2022) · Acta Materialia · doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118298 · Cited by 20
Alizamir, M., Ahmed, K. O., Kim, S., Heddam, S., Gorgij, A. D., & Chang, S. W. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293751 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Hintze, J. L., & Nelson, R. D.
- Affiliations
- Brigham Young University (US)
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1998-05
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 181-184
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W2042204882
- Cited by
- 1,802
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 97 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 181 · 2023: 170 · 2022: 159 · 2021: 184 · 2020: 151 · 2019: 124 · 2018: 112 · 2017: 83 · 2016: 74 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 2.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design › Data Visualization and Analytics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Software › SAS software applications and methods
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- violin plots, box plots, density estimation, data visualization, summary statistics, exploratory data analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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