The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Review of Software to Fit Generalized Estimating Equation Regression Models
Abstract
Researchers are often interested in analyzing data that arise from a longitudinal or clustered design. Although there are a variety of standard likelihood-based approaches to analysis when the outcome variables are approximately multivariate normal, models for discrete-type outcomes generally require a different approach. Liang and Zeger formalized an approach to this problem using generalized estimating equations (GEEs) to extend generalized linear models (GLMs) to a regression setting with correlated observations within subjects. In this article, we briefly review GLM, the GEE methodology, introduce some examples, and compare the GEE implementations of several general purpose statistical packages (SAS, Stata, SUDAAN, and S-Plus). We focus on the user interface, accuracy, and completeness of implementations of this methodology.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Robust (Huber-White sandwich) estimators were used given departure from normality and large sample size [69, 70].”
Citations
Cites
A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity
White, H. (1980) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1912934 · Cited by 25,861
(2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-27255-0_9 · Cited by 20,333
Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models
LIANG, K.-Y., & ZEGER, S. L. (1986) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/73.1.13 · Cited by 18,550
Statistical Analysis With Missing Data
Lahiff, M., Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289883 · Cited by 17,385
McCullagh, P., & Nelder, J. A. (1989) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-3242-6 · Cited by 16,836
Random-Effects Models for Longitudinal Data
Laird, N. M., & Ware, J. H. (1982) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529876 · Cited by 8,923
Longitudinal Data Analysis for Discrete and Continuous Outcomes
Zeger, S. L., & Liang, K. (1986) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531248 · Cited by 7,781
Everitt, B. S. (2001) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410605542-11 · Cited by 6,877
(1967) · Project Euclid (Cornell University) · Cited by 4,720
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Misspecified Models
White, H. (1982) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1912526 · Cited by 4,207
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Misspecified Models
White, H. (1983) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1912004 · Cited by 3,705
Schuenemeyer, J. H., McCullagh, P. J., & Nelder, J. A. (1992) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1269238 · Cited by 2,702
Roderick J.A. Little, Donald B. Rubin — Statistical Analysis with Missing Data
Bo., N., Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1988) · Population · doi:10.2307/1533221 · Cited by 2,163
Analysis of Semiparametric Regression Models for Repeated Outcomes in the Presence of Missing Data
Robins, J. M., Rotnitzky, A. G., & Zhao, L. P. (1995) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1995.10476493 · Cited by 1,597
SUDAAN User's Manual, Release 7.5,
Bieler, G. S., Barnwell, B., & Shah, B. V. (1997) · Cited by 1,273
On the Variances of Asymptotically Normal Estimators from Complex Surveys
Binder, D. A. (1983) · International Statistical Review / Revue Internationale de Statistique · doi:10.2307/1402588 · Cited by 982
Correlated Binary Regression with Covariates Specific to Each Binary Observation
Prentice, R. L. (1988) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531733 · Cited by 861
Analysis of Longitudinal Data.
Diggle, P. J., Liang, K.-Y., & Zeger, S. L. (1997) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533983 · Cited by 448
A likelihood-based method for analysing longitudinal binary responses
Fitzmaurice, G. M., & Laird, N. M. (1993) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/80.1.141 · Cited by 329
Zahner, G. E. P., & Daskalakis, C. (1997) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.87.9.1440 · Cited by 203
Zahner, G. E. P., Pawelkiewicz, W., DeFrancesco, J. J., & Adnopoz, J. A. (1992) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199209000-00025 · Cited by 194
Ziecel, E. R. (1995) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1995.10484363 · Cited by 153
Hilbe, J. M., & Turlach, B. A. (1994) · Statisctics and computing/Statistics and computing · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4214-7_10 · Cited by 74
Rural-Urban Child Psychopathology in a Northeastern U.S. State: 1986–1989
Zahner, G. E. P., Jacobs, J. H., FREEMAN, D. H., & TRAINOR, K. F. (1993) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199303000-00020 · Cited by 66
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- 10.1080/00031305.1994.10476073 · DOI
- 1996, Splus Version 3.4, Supplement
- 1996, SAS/STAT Software: Changes and Enhancements for Release 6.12
- 1997, Stata Statistical Software: Release 5.0
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Statistical Analysis of Correlated Data Using Generalized Estimating Equations: An Orientation
Hanley, J. A. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf215 · Cited by 2,185
TheRPackagegeepackfor Generalized Estimating Equations
Halekoh, U., Højsgaard, S., & Yan, J. (2006) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v015.i02 · Cited by 1,921
Using Generalized Estimating Equations for Longitudinal Data Analysis
Ballinger, G. A. (2004) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428104263672 · Cited by 1,567
Pathological Correlates of Late Drug-Eluting Stent Thrombosis
Finn, A. V., Joner, M., Nakazawa, G., Kolodgie, F. D., Newell, J. B., John, M. C., Gold, H. K., & Virmani, R. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.693739 · Cited by 1,278
Effects of Volunteering on the Well-Being of Older Adults
Morrow-Howell, N., Hinterlong, J., Rozario, P. A., & Tang, F. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/58.3.s137 · Cited by 923
Metadata
- Authors
- Horton, N. J., & Lipsitz, S. R.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- The American Statistician
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1999-05
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 160-169
- ISSN
- 0003-1305 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2731
- OpenAlex
- W1979231358
- Cited by
- 387
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 11.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Statistician (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Spatial and Panel Data Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- generalized estimating equations, software implementation, statistical software comparison, SAS, Stata, S-PLUS, longitudinal data, clustered data, correlated observations, generalized linear models, discrete outcomes, user interface, statistical accuracy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
