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The measurement of the etic aspects of individualism and collectivism across cultures
Abstract
The dimension of individualism-collectivism, as identified by Hofstede (1980), was studied using items developed both theoretically and emically in nine diverse cultures. The dimension was found to be analysable into four stable etic factors: Individualism had two aspects (Separation from Ingroups and Self-Reliance with Hedonism) and collectivism had two aspects (Family Integrity and Interdependence with Sociability). These four factors are orthogonal to each other. The location of nine cultures on these four factors was used to compute a “collectivism” score which correlated r = + · 73 with Hofstede's (1980) collectivism scores for the nine cultures. This approach enables the measurement of individualism-collectivism in each culture as well as across cultures, and shows that different methods for measuring individualism-collectivism converge.
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Citations
Cites
Hui, C. H., & Triandis, H. C. (1986) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022002186017002006 · Cited by 1,154
Self-citation
Cited by
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The Measurement of Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals
Singelis, T. M. (1994) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167294205014 · Cited by 3,605
Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events.
Morris, M. W., & Peng, K. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.949 · Cited by 1,537
The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes.
Triandis, H. C. (1996) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.51.4.407 · Cited by 1,457
Self-citationEffects of Ethnic Group Cultural Differences on Cooperative and Competitive Behavior On a Group Task
Cox, T. H., Lobel, S. A., & McLeod, P. L. (1991) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/256391 · Cited by 1,247
Metadata
- Authors
- Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Betancourt, H., Bond, M., Leung, K., Brenes, A., Georgas, J., Hui, C. H., Marin, G., Setiadi, B., Sinha, J. B. P., Verma, J., Spangenberg, J., Touzard, H., & Montmollin, G. D.
- Venue
- Australian Journal of Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1986-12-01
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 257-267
- ISSN
- 0004-9530 (ISSN-L)
- 1742-9536
- OpenAlex
- W2107009919
- Cited by
- 487
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 7.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- The paper
- Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Betancourt, H., Bond, M., Leung, K., Brenes, A., Georgas, J., Hui, C. H., Marin, G., Setiadi, B., Sinha, J. B. P., Verma, J., Spangenberg, J., Touzard, H., & Montmollin, G. D. (1986). The measurement of the etic aspects of individualism and collectivism across cultures. Australian Journal of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049538608259013
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