Family, peer and school connectedness in final year secondary school students
Abstract
The study aim was to investigate Australian Year 12 students' sense of connectedness to their schools, families, and peers, and examine associations between connectedness and emotional wellbeing. Year 12 students (492 male, 449 female) from 10 secondary schools in Victoria, Australia participated in Phase 1 of the study. Of these, 204 participants (82 male, 122 female) returned surveys 1 year later; 175 of these were attending tertiary education institutions. The study found high levels of depression, anxiety and stress among Year 12 students, with higher negative affect associated with lower levels of family, peer and school connectedness. Negative affect 1 year after leaving school was predicted by negative affect and peer connectedness at Year 12. Results suggest there are significant numbers of at-risk young people in their final year of school, who feel lonely and disconnected from peers, and who maintain concerning levels of depression, anxiety and stress in first year of university.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the McGraw et al. (2008) study, those who reported self-harm ideation at follow-up had reported lower peer connectedness (therefore higher loneliness) at baseline in unadjusted analysis.
“Unadjusted: Those who reported self-harm ideation at follow-up had reported lower peer connectedness (therefore higher loneliness) at baseline.”
From Loneliness as a predictor of suicidal ideation and behaviour: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies (2020) · cites this paper as McGraw et al. (2008)
Cites
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245 · see citing works
(1995) · Cited by 6,909 · see citing works
The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472 · Cited by 5,173 · see citing works
At the Threshold: The Developing Adolescent
Feldman, S. S., & Elliott, G. R. (1990) · Cited by 3,136 · see citing works
Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low-accepted children at risk?
Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.102.3.357 · Cited by 2,962 · see citing works
Protecting Adolescents From Harm: Findings From the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health
Resnick, M. D. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550100049038 · Cited by 2,846 · see citing works
Kohut, H., & Goldberg, A. I. (1984) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226006147.001.0001 · Cited by 2,623 · see citing works
Students' Need for Belonging in the School Community
Osterman, K. F. (2000) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543070003323 · Cited by 2,498 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…connectedness shows a strong link between young people who feel that they belong to their school and levels of engagement, enjoyment of school and investment of themselves in the process of learning compared to young people who do not have a sense of connectedness (Goodenow, 1992; Osterman, 2000).”
BackgroundThe emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence.
Nolen–Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J. S. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.424 · Cited by 2,215 · see citing works
Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1993) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.4.611 · Cited by 2,204 · see citing works
Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low-accepted children at risk?
Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.102.3.357 · Cited by 1,991 · see citing works
Kobak, R. R., & Sceery, A. (1988) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1988.tb03201.x · Cited by 1,536 · see citing works
Protective factors in children's responses to stress and disadvantage.
Rutter, M. L. (1979) · PubMed · Cited by 1,507 · see citing works
Measuring belongingness: The Social Connectedness and the Social Assurance scales.
Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (1995) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.42.2.232 · Cited by 1,484 · see citing works
Resilience: Some conceptual considerations
Rutter, M. L. (1993) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/1054-139x(93)90196-v · Cited by 1,156 · see citing works
Kobak, R. R., & Sceery, A. (1988) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130395 · Cited by 1,051 · see citing works
Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations.
Glantz, M. D., & Johnson, J. L. (1999) · Digital Access to Libraries (Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Université de Namur (UNamur) and the Université Saint-Louis (USL-B)) · doi:10.1007/b108350 · Cited by 832 · see citing works
School effects on psychological outcomes during adolescence.
Anderman, E. M. (2002) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.94.4.795 · Cited by 824 · see citing works
Adolescent Suicide Attempts: Risks and Protectors
Borowsky, I. W., Ireland, M., & Resnick, M. D. (2001) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.107.3.485 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
Psychopathology Associated With Suicidal Ideation and Attempts Among Children and Adolescents
GOULD, M. S., KING, R., GREENWALD, S., FISHER, P., SCHWAB-STONE, M., KRAMER, R., FLISHER, A. J., GOODMAN, S., CANINO, G., & SHAFFER, D. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199809000-00011 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Suicide and Attempted Suicide among Young People
Beautrais, A. L. (2000) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00691.x · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Perceived attachments to parents and peers and psychological well-being in adolescence
Raja, S. N., McGee, R., & Stanton, W. R. (1992) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537898 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
The impact of caring and connectedness on adolescent health and well‐being
Resnick, M. D., HARRIS, L. J., & Blum, R. W. (1993) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1993.tb02257.x · Cited by 584 · see citing works
New perspectives on adolescent risk behavior
Jessor, R. (1998) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511571138.002 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Recent research in developmental psychopathology
Stevenson, J. (1985) · Pergamon eBooks · Cited by 568 · see citing works
The nature and importance of attachment relationships to parents and peers during adolescence
Greenberg, M. T., Siegel, J. M., & Leitch, C. J. (1983) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf02088721 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Transitions through adolescence: interpersonal domains and context
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-2468 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Differential effects of support providers on adolescents' mental health
Colarossi, L. G., & Eccles, J. S. (2003) · Social Work Research · doi:10.1093/swr/27.1.19 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
The Effects of Sense of Belonging, Social Support, Conflict, and Loneliness on Depression
Hagerty, B. M., & Williams, A. (1999) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-199907000-00004 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Adolescent suicidal ideation and attempts: Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J. R. (1996) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1996.tb00056.x · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Friendship and peer relations.
Savin‐Williams, R. C., & Berndt, T. J. (1990) · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Barber, B. K., & Olsen, J. A. (1997) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743554897122008 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
The Relation Between Parenting and Adolescent Depression
Garber, J., Robinson, N. S., & Valentiner, D. P. (1997) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743554897121003 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
School disconnectedness: identifying adolescents at risk.
Bonny, A. E., Britto, M. T., Klostermann, B. K., Hornung, R. W., & Slap, G. B. (2000) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.106.5.1017 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Who are the kids who self‐harm? An Australian self‐report school survey
Leo, D. D., & Heller, T. (2004) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06204.x · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Strengthening the Links Between Educational Psychology and the Study of Social Contexts
Goodnow, C. (1992) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2702_4 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Stressful Life Events, Psychopathology, and Adolescent Suicide: A Case Control Study
Brent, D. A., Perper, J. A., Moritz, G., BAUGHER, M., Roth, C., BALACH, L., & SCHWEERS, J. (1993) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1993.tb00178.x · Cited by 224 · see citing works
(1992) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207599208246890 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Hammen, C. L. (1992) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400005630 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Dubow, E. F., Kausch, D. F., Blum, M. C., Reed, J., & Bush, E. (1989) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp1802_7 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Adolescent attachment to parents and friends in relation to aspects of self-esteem
Paterson, J. E., Pryor, J. E., & Field, J. (1995) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537602 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Milson, F. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003529033 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Affective disorders in children and adolescents.
Kovács, M. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.44.2.209 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Morano, C. D., Cisler, R. A., & Lemerond, J. N. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Arenas of Comfort in Adolescence: A Study of Adjustment in Context
Frabutt, J. M. (2002) · Family Relations · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The differentiation of activity in infants' exploration of objects.
Ruff, H. A., Saltarelli, L. M., Capozzoli, M. C., & Dubiner, K. (1992) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.851 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Affective disorders in children and adolescents.
Kovács, M. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.44.2.209 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Arenas of Comfort in Adolescence: A Study of Adjustment in Context
Mortimer, J. T., & Call, K. T. (2001) · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Negative Affect and Cognitive Biases in Suicidal and Nonsuicidal Hospitalized Adolescents
Pinto, A., & Whisman, M. A. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199602000-00008 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-Reported Sources of Stress in Senior High School Students
Kouzma, N. M., & Kennedy, G. A. (2004) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.94.1.314-316 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Adolescents' perceptions of aloneness and loneliness.
Buchholz, E. S., & Catton, R. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Adolescents' intimacy with parents and friends.
Field, T., Lang, C., Yando, R., & Bendell, D. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 94 · see citing works
ADOLESCENTS WHO ATTEMPT SUICIDE: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS
Teicher, J. D., & Jacobs, J. (1966) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.122.11.1248 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The Social World of Adolescents: Family, Peers, Schools, and the Community
Perry, C. L., Kelder, S. H., & Komro, K. A. (1993) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195074543.003.0005 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The effects of school, family, self‐concept, and deviant behaviour on adolescent suicide ideation
Dukes, R. L., & Lorch, B. R. (1989) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/0140-1971(89)90075-4 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Homework, Stress, and Mood Disturbance in Senior High School Students
Kouzma, N. M., & Kennedy, G. A. (2002) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.2002.91.1.193 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
McFarlane, A. H., Bellissimo, A., Norman, G. R., & Lange, P. (1994) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537632 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Facets of Loneliness and Depression Among Chinese Children and Adolescents
Lau, S., Chan, D. W. K., & Lau, P. S. Y. (1999) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224549909598251 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Social Environments and the Emotional Wellbeing of Young People
Glover, S. L., Burns, J. M., Butler, H., & Patton, G. C. (1998) · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Depression and Suicide in Children and Adolescents
Brent, D. A. (1993) · Pediatrics in Review · doi:10.1542/pir.14-10-380 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Factors underlying suicidal ideation among college studients: a test of Teicher and Jacobs' model
Strang, S. P., & Orlofsky, J. L. (1990) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/0140-1971(90)90040-e · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Adolescents' Perceptions of Belonging in Their Families
Chubb, N. H., & Fertman, C. I. (1992) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/104438949207300701 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Australia's adolescents : a health psychology perspective
Kenny, D. T., & Job, R. F. S. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Bungy Jumping Through Life: What Young People Say Promotes Well-Being and Resilience
Fuller, A., Mcgraw, K., & Goodyear, M. J. (1999) · Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools · doi:10.1017/s1037291100003071 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationNew perspectives on depression during adolescence
Compas, B. E., Connor, J. K., & Hinden, B. R. (1998) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511571138.011 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Caring to Try: How Building Students’ Developmental Assets Can Promote School Engagement and Success
Scales, P. C., & Taccogna, J. (2000) · NASSP Bulletin · doi:10.1177/019263650008461908 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Quality of School Life and Students' Achievement in the HSC: A Multilevel Analysis
Mok, M. M. C., & Flynn, M. (1997) · Australian Journal of Education · doi:10.1177/000494419704100206 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Donald, M., Dower, J., Lucke, J. C., & Raphael, B. (2001) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1467-842x.2001.tb00287.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Family relationships and the development of social competence in adolescence
BRENNAN, J. L. (1993) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1993.tb02259.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cavan, R. S., & Cavan, J. T. (2014) · Abingdon Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/14568-006 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Smith, T. D., Smith, B. L., Matthews, N., & Kennedy, S. (1993) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/1520-6807(199301)30:1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Does Social Connectedness Promote a Greater Sense of Well‐Being in Adolescence Over Time?
Jose, P. E., Ryan, N., & Pryor, J. (2012) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00783.x · Cited by 488 · see citing works
McClelland, H., Evans, J. J., Nowland, R., Ferguson, E., & O'Connor, R. C. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.004 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Academic stress in the final years of school: a systematic literature review
Wuthrich, V. M., Jagiello, T., & Azzi, V. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-00981-y · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Adolescent connectedness: cornerstone for health and wellbeing
Blum, R. W., Lai, J., Martinez, M., & Jessee, C. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-069213 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Dooley, B., Fitzgerald, A., & Giollabhui, N. M. (2015) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2014.83 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mcgraw, K., Moore, S., Fuller, A., & Bates, G.
- Affiliations
- Swinburne University of Technology (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Venue
- Australian Psychologist
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-01-10
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 27-37
- ISSN
- 0005-0067 (ISSN-L)
- 1742-9544
- OpenAlex
- W1966366729
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 16.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Australian Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Keywords
- social connectedness, family connectedness, peer connection, school connectedness, emotional well-being, depression, anxiety, stress, negative affect, loneliness, Year 12 students, transition to college, at-risk youth
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review