Arm and leg strength compared between young women and men after allowing for differences in body size and composition
Abstract
The purpose was to compare young women and men for leg and arm isokinetic strength. Eighty-five subjects were included in each group. Multiple regression was utilized to determine the amount of variance in the strength of the arms and the legs that was accounted for by body composition and size. Once body composition and size were controlled, gender accounted for only 2% of the variance in leg strength and 1% of arm strength.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Young men have on average a skeletal muscle mass of >12 kg greater than age-matched women at any given body weight.
“Young men have on average a skeletal muscle mass of >12 kg greater than age-matched women at any given body weight (104, 105).”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [105]
There is a clear sex difference in both muscle mass and strength even adjusting for sex differences in height and weight.
“There is a clear sex difference in both muscle mass and strength (102–104) even adjusting for sex differences in height and weight (104, 105).”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [105]
Cites
Multiple regression in behavioral research
Kerlinger, F. N., & Pedhazur, E. J. (1973) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,877 · see citing works
Generalized equations for predicting body density of men
Jackson, A. S., & Pollock, M. L. (1978) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19780152 · Cited by 3,205 · see citing works
Multiple Regression in Behavioral Research.
Amick, D. J., Kerlinger, F. N., & Pedhazur, E. J. (1974) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2061986 · Cited by 1,937 · see citing works
Generalized equations for predicting body density of women
Jackson, A. S., Pollock, M. L., & Ward, A. (1980) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198023000-00009 · Cited by 1,853 · see citing works
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise-1980
Tipton, C. M. (1980) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198021000-00001 · Cited by 1,649 · see citing works
Techniques for Measuring Body Composition
National Research Council (1961) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/21603 · Cited by 1,616 · see citing works
MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS
Holm, A. P. (1969) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-196909000-00002 · Cited by 1,543 · see citing works
Wilmore, J. H. (1974) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-197400620-00025 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Grip and Arm Strength in Males and Females, Age 10 to 69
Montoye, H. J., & Lamphiear, D. E. (1977) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/10671315.1977.10762158 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Hoffman, T., Stauffer, R. W., & Jackson, A. S. (1979) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/036354657900700415 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Strength comparisons in untrained men and trained women athletes
MORROW, J. R., & HOSLER, W. W. (1981) · Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198103000-00009 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationAnthropometric measures and muscle strength in young women.
Nordgren, B. (1972) · PubMed · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Muscular strength and body size.
Lamphiear, D. E., & Montoye, H. J. (1976) · PubMed · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Electromyographic and Girth Considerations Relative to Strength Training
Hosler, W. W. (1977) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1977.44.1.293 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance
Handelsman, D. J., Hirschberg, A. L., & Bermon, S. (2018) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00020 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
HUNTER, S. K., S. ANGADI, S., BHARGAVA, A., HARPER, J., HIRSCHBERG, A. L., D. LEVINE, B., L. MOREAU, K., J. NOKOFF, N., STACHENFELD, N. S., & BERMON, S. (2023) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003300 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Jones, M. D., Wewege, M. A., Hackett, D. A., Keogh, J. W. L., & Hagstrom, A. D. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01388-4 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Hunter, S. K., Angadi, S. S., Bhargava, A., Harper, J., Hirschberg, A. L., Levine, B. D., Moreau, K. L., Nokoff, N. J., Stachenfeld, N. S., & Bermon, S. (2023) · Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1249/tjx.0000000000000236 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Solli, G. S., Sandbakk, Ø., & McGawley, K. (2024) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-024-00792-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- HOSLER, W. W., & MORROW, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Textron (United States) (US)
- University of Houston (US)
- ORCID
- MORROW, JAMES R.
- Venue
- Ergonomics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1982-04
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 309-313
- ISSN
- 0014-0139 (ISSN-L)
- 1366-5847
- OpenAlex
- W2048939734
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Ergonomics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Performance
- Keywords
- isokinetic strength, arm muscle strength, leg strength, sex differences, body composition, body size, young women, young men
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Arm, Body Composition, Body Weight, Female, Humans, Leg, Male, Muscles, Sex Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
