The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Differentiating Characteristics of High School Graduates, Dropouts, and Nongraduates
Abstract
We used the records from students entering two high schools in 1981 to classify students as dropouts, graduates, nongraduates returning for a fifth year, add non-graduates who did not continue. Using data from the students’ permanent records, we found numerous significant differences among these groups, some evident as early as the third grade. Cutoffs were determined on several measures, indicating that dropouts could be differentiated with 66% accuracy in the third grade and with 85% accuracy by the ninth grade. Nongraduates, a group roughly equal in size to the dropouts, could be identified with 77% accuracy by the ninth grade. Various implications for intervention programs are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Four Factor Index of Social Status
Paschou, R. (1975) · Cited by 6,988
Four Factor Index of Social Status [1975]
Hollingshead, A. B. (1975) · Cited by 5,151
Klecka, W. (1980) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412983938 · Cited by 3,723
Aldenderfer, M. S., & Blashfield, R. K. (1984) · Cited by 2,358
High School Dropouts: A Review of Issues and Evidence
Rumberger, R. W. (1987) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.2307/1170232 · Cited by 1,028
Who Drops Out of High School and Why? Findings from a National Study
Ekstrom, R. B., Goertz, M. E., Pollack, J. M., & Rock, D. A. (1986) · Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146818608700308 · Cited by 700
Educational Leadership: Key Challenges and Ethical Tensions
Duignan, P. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139168564 · Cited by 687
Dropping out of High School: The Influence of Race, Sex, and Family Background
Rumberger, R. W. (1983) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162594 · Cited by 547
Gifted Children: Psychological and Educational Perspectives
Tannenbaum, A. J. (1983) · Cited by 492
Why Urban Adolescents Drop into and out of Public High School
Fine, M. (1986) · Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146818608700309 · Cited by 299
Cited by
School Engagement: Potential of the Concept, State of the Evidence
Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543074001059 · Cited by 12,581
Measuring cognitive and psychological engagement: Validation of the Student Engagement Instrument
Appleton, J. J., Christenson, S. L., Kim, D., & Reschly, A. L. (2006) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2006.04.002 · Cited by 1,858
Dropping Out of Middle School: A Multilevel Analysis of Students and Schools
Rumberger, R. W. (1995) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312032003583 · Cited by 1,251
Jingle, Jangle, and Conceptual Haziness: Evolution and Future Directions of the Engagement Construct
Reschly, A. L., & Christenson, S. L. (2012) · Handbook of Research on Student Engagement · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_1 · Cited by 980
Present and Accounted for: Improving Student Attendance Through Family and Community Involvement
Epstein, J. L., & Sheldon, S. B. (2002) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220670209596604 · Cited by 832
Metadata
- Authors
- Barrington, B. L., & Hendricks, B.
- Venue
- The Journal of Educational Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1989-07
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 309-319
- ISSN
- 0022-0671 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-0675
- OpenAlex
- W2074177803
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 14
- FWCI
- 20.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Differentiating Characteristics of High School Graduates, Dropouts, and Nongraduates. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/00220671.1989.10885913
- The paper
- Barrington, B. L., & Hendricks, B. (1989). Differentiating Characteristics of High School Graduates, Dropouts, and Nongraduates. The Journal of Educational Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1989.10885913
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
