Cited by 374Writing and Handwriting EducationEFL/ESL Teaching and LearningReading and Literacy Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 56 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Process Writing Approach: A Meta-analysis

Graham, Steve, Sandmel, Karin·2011·The Journal of Educational Research

DOI 10.1080/00220671.2010.488703

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Abstract

The process approach to writing instruction is one of the most popular methods for teaching writing. The authors conducted meta-analysis of 29 experimental and quasi-experimental studies conducted with students in Grades 1–12 to examine if process writing instruction improves the quality of students’ writing and motivation to write. For students in general education classes, process writing instruction resulted in a statistically significant, but relatively modest improvement in the overall quality of writing (average weighted effect size [ES] = 0.34). Variation in ES was not related to grade, reliability of the writing quality measure, professional development, genre assessed, or quality of study. The process writing approach neither resulted in a statistically significant improvement in students’ motivation nor enhanced the quality of struggling writers’ compositions.

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Authors: Graham, S., & Sandmel, K.
Affiliations: Vanderbilt University (US)
ORCID: Graham, Steve
Venue: The Journal of Educational Research
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2011-10
Volume: 104
Issue: 6
Pages: 396-407
ISSN: 0022-0671 (ISSN-L)
1940-0675
DOI: 10.1080/00220671.2010.488703
OpenAlex: W1970391825
Cited by: 374
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 3.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Educational Research (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Writing and Handwriting Education
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Keywords: process writing, writing instruction, writing quality, writing motivation, struggling writers, middle and high school students, writing genres, teacher professional development

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The Process Writing Approach: A Meta-analysis

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