Artificial intelligence (AI) as a new trajectory in education
Abstract
This study explores how K–12 teachers from 15 eTwinning countries perceive and integrate AI tools into their classrooms, highlighting both opportunities and challenges. Using a qualitative case-study design with semi-structured interviews, we combined criterion and maximum-variation sampling to capture a range of country contexts. Participants reported that AI streamlines tasks such as lesson planning, assessment, content creation, enhancing project planning and cross-cultural collaboration while fostering 21st-century skills (the 4Cs). However, they also raised sociological and ethical concerns around privacy, bias, overreliance, AI-driven capitalism, and digital divides that persist in K–12 schools. Our findings offer best-practice insights for early adopters and a roadmap for broader professional development and teaching configuration for the coming decades. Key implications include designing tiered training programs, developing clear ethical guidelines, explainable AI developments and advocating infrastructural investments to bridge persistent gaps.
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Hallucinations, algorithmic bias, over-reliance, and privacy concerns raise ethical and epistemic issues that can shape children's cognitive and socioemotional development.
“Hallucinations, algorithmic bias, over-reliance, and privacy concerns raise ethical and epistemic issues that can shape children's cognitive and socioemotional development [11,12].”
From A Systematic Review of Generative AI in K–12: Mapping Goals, Activities, Roles, and Outcomes via the 3P Model (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Döğer, M. F., & Göçen, A.
- Affiliations
- Ministry of National Education
- Usak University (TR)
- Corresponding author
- Döğer, Mehmet Fatih
- Venue
- The Journal of Educational Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2025-06-16
- Volume
- 118
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 581-595
- ISSN
- 0022-0671 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-0675
- OpenAlex
- W4411390193
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 2
- FWCI
- 12.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Educational Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Educational Technology and Pedagogy
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence in education, K-12 teachers, teacher perceptions, AI tool integration, eTwinning, 21st century skills, AI ethics, privacy concerns, algorithmic bias, digital divide, teacher professional development, explainable AI, cross-cultural collaboration, lesson planning
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