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A Review of Theory and Research on the Assumptions of Miller'S Response Competition (Conflict) Models: Response Gradients
Abstract
This is a review of published theory and research on the assumptions that underlie Miller's conflict models. Operational distinctions are made between single-goal and multiple-goal conditions and, within the latter, the spatial, temporal, and stimulus dimensions. Major operational divergences in research outcomes are single- vs. multiple-goal conditions and strength-of-pull vs. other measures. Support for Miller's postulate system is equivocal, with considerable support available for several alternate postulates. A preferred interpretation is that response gradients can assume any degree of steepness or generality as a function of several manipulation and selection conditions. One manipulation variable, time before testing, produces flatter gradients which simulate unpracticed time-course effects. A major unfinished research area deals with the summation hypothesis or, more generally, specification of principles of combination for response gradients.
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“The limited research conducted with humans used mostly physiological measurements (e.g., galvanic skin response, heart rate, arm pressure) that were noninstrumental for goal achievement.”
From The Goal-Gradient Hypothesis Resurrected: Purchase Acceleration, Illusionary Goal Progress, and Customer Retention (2006) · cites this paper as Heilizer 1977
In the citing paper
“As Heilizer (1977) details, it is difficult to interpret noninstrumental behaviors and physiological measurements as evidence supporting (or refuting) the goal-gradient hypothesis.”
From The Goal-Gradient Hypothesis Resurrected: Purchase Acceleration, Illusionary Goal Progress, and Customer Retention (2006) · cites this paper as Heilizer 1977
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Stimulus generalization and overinclusion in normal and schizophrenic subjects.
Al‐Issa, I. (1972) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0033399 · Cited by 14
Kaplan, K. J., Firestone, I. J., Degnore, R., & Moore, M. (1974) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0037452 · Cited by 13
Generalizations from the Distinction of Passive and Active Avoidance
Gerbrandt, L. K. (1964) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1964.15.1.11 · Cited by 13
Dependence of equality judgments upon the temporal interval between stimulus presentations.
McAllister, W. R., McAllister, D. E., & Franchina, J. J. (1965) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0022675 · Cited by 13
THE EFFECT OF A VARIABLE CONDITIONED STIMULUS UPON THE GENERALIZATION OF AN INSTRUMENTAL RESPONSE
White, S. H., & Spiker, C. C. (1960) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1960.tb04968.x · Cited by 12
Adaptation level as a factor in human wavelength generalization.
Tomie, A., & Thomas, D. R. (1974) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036805 · Cited by 12
Goal gradient or entrance gradient?
Dennis, W. (1935) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0063138 · Cited by 11
Effect of type of catch trial upon generalization gradients of reaction time.
Berge, D. L. (1971) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0030526 · Cited by 11
Spatial stimulus generalization as a function of white noise and activation level.
Thayer, R. E., & Carey, D. (1974) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0035856 · Cited by 11
Brennan, J., & Riccio, D. C. (1973) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0035030 · Cited by 11
Stimulus intensity dynamism and auditory generalization for approach and avoidance behavior in rats.
Hearst, E. S. (1969) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027680 · Cited by 10
Harrison, A. A. (1974) · Cited by 10
Kurt Lewin's approach to conflict and its resolution A review with some extensions
Levinger, G. (1957) · Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/002200275700100402 · Cited by 10
Generalization of children's preferences as a function of reinforcement and task similarity.
Gewirtz, H. B. (1959) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0046892 · Cited by 10
An empirical determination of an approach gradient.
Smith, N. W. (1960) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0039357 · Cited by 9
STIMULUS GENERALIZATION AS A FUNCTION OF MENTAL AGE
Tempone, V. J. (1965) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1965.tb05295.x · Cited by 9
GSR Measures of Cigarette Smokers’ Temporal Approach and Avoidance Gradients
Smith, N. W. (1965) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03393593 · Cited by 9
Stimulus generalization and schizophrenia.
Buss, A. H., & Daniell, E. F. (1967) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0020082 · Cited by 9
MEDIATIONAL PROCISSES IN PRIMARY STIMULUS GENERALIZATION
Tempone, V. J. (1966) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1966.tb04318.x · Cited by 9
A Device for Recording a Rat's Position in a Straight Alley
Brown, J. S., & Hoopes, J. J. (1965) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421093 · Cited by 9
The application of the approach-avoidance conflict model to social behavior 1
Maher, B. A. (1964) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/002200276400800307 · Cited by 8
Relationship of manifest anxiety to stimulus generalization.
Fager, R. E., & Knopf, I. J. (1958) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0044849 · Cited by 8
Hoffman, H. S., & Fleshler, M. (1963) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0043630 · Cited by 8
STIMULUS FACTORS IN AVERSIVE CONTROLS: CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION AFTER EQUAL TRAINING TO TWO STIMULI1
Hoffman, H. S., Selekman, W., & Fleshler, M. (1966) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1966.9-649 · Cited by 7
Stimulus generalization along dimensions of an active avoidance CS in young rats
Brennan, J. F., & Riccio, D. C. (1972) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03342583 · Cited by 7
Relative Steepness of Approach and Avoidance Gradients in Humans
Losco, J., & Epstein, S. J. (1974) · Proceedings of the Division of Personality and Society Psychology · doi:10.1177/014616727400100170 · Cited by 7
The Concept of Goal Gradients: A Review of its Present Status
Cohen, J. (1953) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1953.9710094 · Cited by 7
Extinction of instrumental behavior as a function of frustration at various distances from the goal.
Adelman, H. M., & Rosenbaum, G. (1954) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0062578 · Cited by 7
A conditioned response technique to investigate "experimental neurosis" in the rat.
Bijou, S. W. (1951) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0060986 · Cited by 7
Theories of choice and conflict in psychology and economics
HOLZMAN, M. S. (1958) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/002200275800200403 · Cited by 6
EFFECT OF INCENTIVE CONDITIONS ON STIMULUS GENERALIZATION IN CHILDREN12
Jeffrey, W. E., & Skager, R. W. (1962) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1962.tb05121.x · Cited by 6
Locomotion gradients in the activity wheel.
Meade, R. D., & Newman, P. J. (1960) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0044244 · Cited by 6
Brown, J. S., Anderson, D. C., & Brown, C. S. (1966) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0023671 · Cited by 6
Pereboom, A. C. (1958) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0044360 · Cited by 6
Somiya, T. (1960) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.31.26 · Cited by 6
On the Origin of Conflict Types
Smith, N. W. (1968) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03393765 · Cited by 6
The effect of speed-up instructions on spatial stimulus generalization.
Harleston, B. W. (1961) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0042574 · Cited by 5
Generalization gradients obtained after continuous reinforcement of an operant response
Hearst, E. S., Taus, S. E., & Koresko, M. B. (1971) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03331799 · Cited by 5
Approach-Avoidance Conflict: I. Empirically Determined Speed-of-Locomotion Approach Gradients
Elder, S. T., Kuehne, T. E., Clark, N., & Larre, E. E. (1970) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1970.27.2.623 · Cited by 5
Approach-Avoidance Conflict: II. Role of Olfactory Cues
Elder, S. T., Kuehne, T. E., & Moriarty, D. D. (1970) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1970.27.2.631 · Cited by 4
Running speed as a function of stimulus similarity and number of trials.
Jensen, G. D., & Cotton, J. W. (1961) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0044249 · Cited by 4
Two factors affecting stimulus generalization on a spatial dimension.
Evans, W. Ο. (1961) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0045241 · Cited by 4
Gradients in response percentages as indices of nonspatial generalization.
Bass, B. (1958) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0042658 · Cited by 4
A test of the independence of the approach and avoidance gradients
Richardson, W., & Donahoe, J. W. (1967) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03327893 · Cited by 4
Effect of stimulus condition and reaction time information on spatial stimulus generalization.
Nakamura, C. Y., & Kaswan, J. W. (1962) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0041714 · Cited by 4
Anxiety and overgeneralization: Negative results.
Murray, E. N. (1969) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028035 · Cited by 4
Empirical gradients of generalization in a perceptual-motor task.
Andreas, B. G. (1954) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0055965 · Cited by 4
Kirschner, D. (1964) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0045702 · Cited by 4
A Simulated Runway with an Approaching Goal and Stationary Subject
Huston, J. P. (1967) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1967.21.3.871 · Cited by 3
On the assumption of a steeper gradient in Miller's conflict theory.
Bogartz, R. S. (1965) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0021699 · Cited by 3
The effect of distinctive cues on the spatial gradient of avoidance.
Bugelski, B. R., & Woodward, D. P. (1951) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0062109 · Cited by 3
A Note on the Concept of Conflict
Oram, P. G., & Heilizer, F. (1965) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1965.9916774 · Cited by 3
Self-citationStimulus generalization following monocular training in the rat.
Muntz, W. R. A. (1963) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0041071 · Cited by 3
Between-chains and within-chain speed gradients as functions of length
Clifford, T. (1973) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/0023-9690(73)90039-8 · Cited by 3
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Metadata
- Authors
- Heilizer, F.
- Affiliations
- DePaul University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Heilizer, Fred
- Venue
- The Journal of General Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1977-07
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 17-71
- ISSN
- 0022-1309 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-0888
- OpenAlex
- W1972345507
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 220
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 0.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of General Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- response competition, stimulus dimensions, time-course effects
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